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Spin-farming - a tool for rural development

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The current research paper takes a look at back-yard gardening practices within the Serbian- Hungarian border region with the intention to evaluate the role of the inner settlement gardens in rural development through promoting self-sufficiency and potential commercialization. The project aims to explore possibilities for promoting spin farming as a tool for development in rural communities by exploiting unused capacities, encouraging local and household self-sufficiency, generating supplemental income and popularizing traditional, hand-crafted, local and bio-products. Results of the survey conducted in the area are presented along with possible future actions utilizing information obtained during the project.
The objective of the paper was to assess the regional allocation of Polish Rural Development Program 2007-2013 using optimization approach. The actual allocation was compared with the result of a model simulation. Relatively small differences between the actual and model allocation show that the regional allocation performed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is relatively well tailored to the need of farmers in different regions.
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Rural areas are gradually losing their agricultural specificity. They now need to support the coexistence of two logical approaches to occupation of their space: one based on the supply of agricultural and forestry products, the other on the various demands from local residents and seasonal tourists. The focus is shifting from only supplying market goods to meeting the multiple expectations of the society. The paper analyses the policy outcomes of the rural development policy in Bulgaria and their impact on multifunctional agriculture.
Due to state ownership of both free game and most forests in Poland, large hunting districts and low number of hunters, hunting in Polish hunting grounds provides an opportunity to encounter many animal species, often in their almost natural environment. The qualities of Poland’s fauna and flora as well as Poland’s accession to the EU and the resulting ease of movement have contributed to the development of hunt tourism. As a consequence, there has been a rise in the demand for services offered by rural areas inhabitants, which in turn should make local communities recognize the need to preserve the natural environment.
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Is tourism the way of rural areas development?

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The paper discusses problem of rural tourism and agritourism role in the healing of the economic situation of rural areas, especially in a province with the smallest average farm size and favourable natural conditions - namely in Malopolska. Agritourism (farm tourism) as a part of rural tourism is often seen as an opportunity to expand and diversify employment and incomes. But in spite expectations of rural economists agritourism neither solved the farmers’ income problems nor has been developing as expected. Reality of agritourism development was evaluated on the basis of conducted surveys. The perspective of farm tourism development should be seen as a integral part of structural changes of rural economy. In rural tourism development the natural environment has particularly important role and value as the main factor attracting visitors. The level of services offered by agritourism farms has become more and more important. The second important factor signalled by potential tourists is such farms specialisation. Conducted surveys confirmed appreciation of specialisation both by farmers and potential tourists. Farmers indicated financial problems of elevating services standards and specialisation.
The bio-economy, using biomass from various sources and in a wide range of sectors, has reached a significant scale in Europe. The current and the potential importance of the bio-economy is illustrated with data from Germany. While the potential uses of biomass are manifold, its availability is limited. This paper discusses the resulting competition for biomass and shows possibilities to increase the biomass-potential. To satisfy the increasing demand for biomass, further research in the forestry sector is needed.
Modern German village, in the form of dense or shattered settlement, its architecture, constructive materials, spatial lay-out, functions, the way of ground-exploitation are slightly differentiated in particular united countries (lands). Natural conditions, the time of springing up, farming type (if still exists) and social structure – all those factors influence the country development. All changes in the style of farming and village function are being reflected in development of building areas, which has been moderated and renovated from many years – not always with the profit for cultural heritage. The evidences of the urbanisation may be seen at German countryside (as well as in other UE countries), discussed in the paper and shown on annexed photographs. In the process of constant changes the attention points on saving the identity of the place and form of development. The projects focused on development and infrastructure renovation and preserving cultural heritage as well are being initiated. The awareness of countryside cultural value as the result historical colonisation has been creating during multi-year transformation.
This paper presents the main trends in rural development in Ukraine. Attention is particularly paid to the agriculture as the main economic activity in rural areas. The authors of this paper also analyze the characteristics of distribution of agricultural land, the structure of agricultural production, as well as the structure of total household resources. The main demographic trends are shown concerning the rural population, their ethnicities, religious background. Their mentality and way of thinking is also revealed.
The phrase ‘rural areas’ mean not only the place for agricultural production and the living place of rural population, but also refer to all the traditions, landscape, environment and residents of these areas. Rural development is highly supported at the EU level and it helps to enhance the quality of life of rural residents and the economic performance of rural areas. According to some points of view, the excessive support should be cut down, but the primary objectives of the CAP should be maintained. The threats of the economic crisis appear more significantly in rural areas. What are the possible ways to increase the economic situation of these areas, where poverty is high, education level is low and the population is aging? Working facilities are mostly connected with agriculture, but the financial background and competitiveness of agricultural enterprises is rather low. The environment and landscape should be preserved. How can all these problems be solved at the same time? How can the environment be preserved in line with the development of the rural areas? The renewed CAP was outlined in November 2010. This paper tries to examine the visions of rural areas for the future.
Poland is experiencing the first stages of a period where its active labour force will decline steadily over time. This has raised important concerns with how well labour markets in Poland function, especially those in rural areas where there are still large numbers of households on small farms that have only limited engagement with formal work, and whose farm income is too low to provide an acceptable family income. The result is a high level of rural under-employment that imposes a growing burden on the economy and society, both in terms of unproductive labour and in high transfer payments to these families. There is a clear understanding that reducing the number of small full-time family farms in Poland is desirable as a way to: improve household incomes, address the need for more workers in other sectors, and further enhance the competitiveness of farming. Achieving this goal has been problematic, largely because to date there have been few incentives for these farm families to alter their behaviour. Simply put, the vast majority of small farm households do not perceive that they would be better off by engaging in formal employment. This largely reflects limited job opportunities in rural areas and a significant skill mismatch in local labour markets. But, it also reflects the continued existence of a variety of Polish policies that provide considerable financial benefits to these farm households, including a highly subsidized medical and retirement plan and exemption from income taxes, that significantly reduce the incentive to change behaviour. With a shrinking work force the cost of holding these potential workers in their current situation will only increase over time, but changing these longstanding policies remains a major challenge for the government.
This paper seeks to determine the role of farmland afforestation in the development of rural areas in Poland. An analysis covered the distribution of afforestation conducted in the years 2003-2013 in terms of afforestations needs of rural communes. The assessment relied on the ranking of communes worked out by the Forest Research Institute for the purposes of the National Woodiness Enhancement Programme (NWEP). It was found that, in spite of the NWEP, farmland afforestation did not proceed in a spatially ordered way. The research showed that there is no straightforward relation between the level of afforestation needs of rural communes and spatial differences in farmland afforestation.
Systemic crisis and the decline of rural areas lead to a decrease in the level of life of rural population, the decrease in agricultural production. This number of problems determines the ways of rural development.
In the paper the situation on Ukrainian and Polish milk marketwere presented and its influence on level of dairy industry competetinvness. The Authors stated that the minimum of heard have to have the 15 cows.
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