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Almost at one half of the localities their natural water regime has been substitially changed, at some other localities it has been at least partly changed and only at 2-5 localities the recent state of water regime can be considered more or less natural. 12 localities have been in the past heavily degraded by peat extraction. In spite of the high degree of deterioration, many of the remaining peatbogs can be still considered important for the biodiversity, since they represent important habitats for many rare and threatened plant and animal species. From the restoration measures suggested, the most frequent is the filling (blocking) of drainage ditches (18 localities) and the restoration of the regulated watercourses to increase the ground water tables (13 localities).
Phytoplankton composition was analysed in the Maltański Reservoir and the inlet and outlet of the Cybina River. Samples were collected from three sampling stations in November 2007, February, May and August 2008. Considerable changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the phytoplankton in the infl owing and outfl owing water and in the central part of the reservoir were noted. Among 142 taxa chlorophytes were the most numerous group. There were also groups represented by the large values of phytoplankton abundance and biomass such as Cyanobacteria in autumn, chrysophytes in winter, diatoms and cryptophytes in spring and chlorophytes in summer. The diff erences in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the phytoplankton among the analysed sampling stations were noticed. The species composition of the potamoplankton was changing as it passed through the reservoir along the course of the river. With regard to all seasons the lowest number of taxa were noticed in samples from the inlet. The most diversifi ed was phytoplankton composition in the reservoir. The highest similarity between the analysed stations was observed in the phytoplankton composition in the reservoir and outlet of the river from this reservoir.
Development culture, based on the dominance of man over nature and the built over the natural, continues to predominate. To take one example, the demands of an ever-increasing number of amateur fishermen are satisfied by financing the continuous re-stocking of rivers with juvenile or small-size fish while ignoring the extinction of native species, and the damage caused by the introduction of non-native species. This method of management, and the slow acceptance of the concept of environmentally sustainable planning, is partly due to the slow translation of the results of biological and ecological research into the standardised and integrated parameters of environmental analysis necessary for planning. The new Indices for assessing river-bank quality (developed for the River Adige but tested on ther rivers) may well provide a useful step forward. These Indices, combined with others already in use or under development, may help to define a system of areas of differential tutelage along the course of a river and in the surrounding territory in which human activities and development will be compatible with conservation and rehabilitation of the river's self-purifying capacity, while at the same time allowing for effective flood defence and the reproduction of native fish species.
Attempts at lake restoration by artificial aeration with the use of wind energy were made on the heavily eutrophic Lake Starodworskie. The lake is small - only 7 ha surface area but deep - 23 m. Artificial aeration was performed by destratification method. Compressed air, produced with the help of a wind turbine was subsequently delivered to the deepest site in the lake. As show the study results from 1985-87, the effects of the applied method were limited. Breaks in aeration caused by lack of winds or too low windpower prevented full destruction of thermal and chemical stratification. However, in the hypolimnion some temperature increase was observed, and oxygenation improvement - minor in summer and considerable in the other seasons. Moreover, the content of organic compounds and nutrients (especially phosphorus) decreased.
The aim of the paper is the estimation of hydrological conditions occurring on the area of Przemkowsko- Przecławskie Wetlands in the proposed water management scenarios, which are implemented to restore natural values of the wetland environment .In each of the scenarios, the operation parameters of hydraulic structures were changed, causing the potential increase of ground water alimentation to the wetland area. Common and recognized ground water flow model MODFLOW was used to calculate ground water levels for each scenario and to study the long –term effect of restoration measures on Przemkowsko – Przecławskie Wetlands. Following hydrological characteristics were analysed: mean of the mean ground water levels, inundation frequency, mean ground water amplitude and mean low ground water levels. These characteristics were modeled for the long-term period 1964-1985 for unsteady flow conditions and were compared with the values adopted from intact, reference wetlands. It was proved, that slowing down the outflow of ground water (scenario 1) didn’t provide hydrological conditions desired for the maintenance of swampy habitats. The combination of outflow slow down and restriction of ground water abstraction by existing pumping stations (scenario 2) didn’t guarantee the maintenance of desired values of hydrological characteristics for a swampy habitat as well. The realization of the proposed scenarios enables to keep proper conditions for wet and moist habitats. The management policy for Przemkowsko - Przeclawskie Wetlands should then be directed at the development of those habitats, providing broad realization of environmental protection goals.
Разработана стохастическая модель и проведён анализ системы «человек- машина» при накоплении отказов. Получена аналитическая зависимость для определения вероятности безотказной работы системы в период ухудшения технического состояния машины и снижения профессионального и психофизиологического уровня оператора.
The earth is now facing the land degradation due to human disturbance, natural habitats were converted to rural and agricultural areas in order to fulfill the increasing demand of human population. The deforestation of Picea crassifolia (Qinghai spruce) forest at Qilian Mts is an example of such disturbance. P. crassifolia is an ecologically and hydrologically important plant species in the northwestern arid area of China. However, the forests have been intensively and extensively deforested. In order to restore the human-disturbed ecosystems, the spatial distribution of P. crassifolia needs to be delineated. This study employed Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction model (GARP) and Maximum entropy model (Maxent) and four environmental variables (mean temperature of the warmest quarter, precipitation of the wettest quarter, annual solar radiation, topographic wetness index) to predict the potential distribution of P. crassifolia in Qilian Mts. Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction model (GARP) produces a model of species niches in geographic space based on heterogeneous rule-sets. Maximum entropy model (Maxent) focuses on fitting a probability distribution for occurrence based on the idea that the best explanation to unknown phenomena will maximize the entropy of the probability distribution, subject to the appropriate constraints. The environmental variables were spatially interpolated throughout the entire study area. We used sensitivity-specificity sum maximum approach to select the threshold value. The projected niche space for the mean temperature of the warmest quarter is between 8.5 and 18.1°C; the space for the precipitation of the wettest quarter is between 149 and 245 mm; the space for annual solar radiation is 118–1100×103 wh m–2 and the space for topographic wetness index is between –0.4 and 5.1. The results show that both GARP and Maxent’s models produce acceptable predictions, but the overall comparison shows that GARP prediction is better than Maxent’s; the comparison between the observed distribution and the predicted distribution suggests that 61% (2869 km2) of P. crassifolia forests have been deforested.
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