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The article analyses the regional and cohesion policy background for establishing the major instruments of EU regional policy for Eastern Poland, namely the Operational Programme Development of Eastern Poland for 2007-2013 and five Regional Operational Programmes for Warminsko-Mazurskie, Podlaskie, Lubelskie, Świętokrzyskie and Podkarpackie Voivodships. The discussion focuses on their role not only in evening interregional disparities, but also in supporting rural regions lagging behind in economic development. This gives basis to concluding on the model of regional policy applied in Eastern Poland in 2007-2013 and its adequacy to existing social and economic conditions.
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The aim of the article is to discuss issues related to the development of tourism in the context of the possibility of financial support available from cohesion policy funds in the current financial perspective for the years 2014-2020. The particular attention was paid to the multifaceted nature of modern tourism and the directions of changes in the use of Eeropean Union funds, referring to the completed programming period 2007-2013. An attempt was also made to indicate the significance of tourism in the section of the national economy of Poland and in the European Union, concentrating on its interdisciplinary character. Characteristics of cohesion policy, its goals and principles of functioning were made. The article is of a review nature, which means that the authors’ own materials and empirical material from the literature of the subject were used. The figures were obtained from reports published by the Chancellery of the Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers. It was found out that the amount of allocated funds for cohesion policy among all European Union countries in 2014-2020 is the highest for Poland and amounts to EUR 72.9 billion. There is an increase in the amount of funds allocated from the European Union to Poland, compared to the amount of allocated funds in the 2007-2013 perspective. It was also pointed out that the cohesion policy instruments mentioned above only indirectly contribute to the development of tourism, as the financing for 2014-2020 lacks programs and activities entirely dedicated to tourism.
The actuality of our topie is established and justified by the fact that the cohesion policy of the European Union is criticized very much nowadays. In our opinion, the criticism primarily focuses on the low efficiency of the use of EU funds and the increasing gap between the regions. It was mentioned even at the 2010 Open Days events in Brussels that the distribution system of funds in the Union is not perfect, but the current principles, system and the eligibility criteria have to be maintained. The strengthening of the Community and its cohesion policy is one of the priority tasks for the Hungarian EU presidency as they will get more importance due to the future enlargements.
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Rural areas in the Polish regional policy till 2020

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The aim of the paper is to present current dilemmas of placing of rural areas development in regional policy. Realization of this aim was possible through a review of literature and documents connected with regional policy. There were presented two discussed models of regional policy: model of equalization vs. the polarisation and diffusion model, the new paradigm of regional policy as well as a place of rural areas development in regional policy. The place of rural areas in the Polish regional policy till 2020 was determined basing on the National Strategy of Regional Development 2010-2020: Regions, Cities, Rural Areas. It can be concluded that the Polish regional policy perceives both developed rural areas and support them within the first objective of the Strategy competitiveness as well as rural areas lagging behind, which can get help within the second objective cohesion.
The subject of the article is regional policy in Poland conducted according to the principles governing the European Union cohesion policy. The author addresses especially the key issues of regional policy, defines its objectives and instruments as well as the main models. The discussion provides the background for the subsequent analysis of the current and future shape of regional policy implemented in Poland. The aim of the article is cognitive and pointing to the changes of directions and character of activities aiming at working out the proper development strategy for Poland, in compliance with the European Union directives but also meeting the needs of regions on different levels. Regional policy currently pursued in Poland and based on the idea of the European Union cohesion policy aims at creating the system of planning and management of spatial management integrated with the main tendency of socioeconomic planning. The condition enabling conscious space development is possessing and using appropriate legislative, administrative, organizational, promotional, information and other instruments. Polands regional policy conducted within the frame of common cohesion policy and targeting common objectives is financially supported by the EU funds and financial means from the Cohesion Fund. The shape of regional policy in Poland is determined by the striving to identify strong regions which would be able to push the economic development of the country strengthening at the same time less innovative regions. Polish regional policy included in the EU development programmes is using the instruments adjusted to the individual properties of regions, where the leading player is a region characterized by a considerable autonomy in this respect affecting the way in which the existing pro-development possibilities are used. Such solution of the planning and implementation of development policy draws Poland closer to contemporary concepts of regional development theory, showing the region as an autonomous, socio-economic system, creating a vision of development and evaluated for its effectiveness. The future shape of Polish regional policy will depend on such concepts which emphasize the role of regions, ascribing them a growing importance in the national development policy.
A method has been developed for application on a regional scale to determine a historical reference on groundwater level and upward seepage which can be used for the determination of optimal groundwater conditions in nature conservation areas. This ‘historical reference’ is based on fossil soil characteristics, detailed topographical information, historical land use maps, and geohydrological information. The method is especially applicable for the higher sandy, pleistocene areas of the Netherlands. Environmental agencies have a strong need for well defined historical hydrological situation in nature conservation as they were defined in this study.
A central aim of the Regional Policy of the European Union is a regional cohesion. Major instruments are regional policy programs financed via various European funds. The allocation of regional policy funds varies dramatically across regions even when one controls for regional development indicators. Thus, what political economy factors determine the access to financial support of regional policy funds? With this regard, the paper highlights the role of local government performance. Beyond, it is tested for spatial dependencies, e.g. if knowledge spillovers determine the ability to capture regional funds. Pars pro toto empirical analyses focus on the allocation of SAPARD funds in Slovakia using cross-section as well as panel data. The government performance is measured as a technical efficiency of local public good provision and derived within a non-parametric DEA approach. Results show that the government efficiency has a positive significant impact on the structural funding allocation. Furthermore, spatial dependencies occur. With respect to the program duration, it is concluded that knowledge spillovers take place, supporting a successfully program participation.
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