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This work presents the analysis of the effect of compost addition on leaching of mineral nitrogen from arable land, plant biomass production and soil properties. Compost used for experiment consists of the basic raw materials for the production of reclamation substrates in company CKB. These substrates are often used for restoring the damaged agricultural lands. Therefore, this compost was applied in increased doses (300% of recommended dose) to determine the potential impact on the parameters above. To demonstrate this effect, five variants with same doses of compost and different doses of mineral and organic fertilizers, were prepared. The highest decrease of mineral nitrogen leaching was observed by the simultaneous applications of soluble humic substances and compost to soil samples, about 400% in comparison with the control variant.
Post-industrial sites form a unique phenomenon in the landscape. They enable us to study the human-altered succession of communities. Regarding this, we studied an ant community in three types of habitats – reclamation and spontaneous succession in an ore basin together with unaltered surroundings in the Czech Republic. More than 30 years after being abandoned, the site with spontaneous succession was more species rich than the reclaimed one. Moreover, spontaneous succession created a habitat that was more similar regarding ant diversity to the unaltered surrounding environment than that after traditional reclamation. Ants dependent on tree vegetation were rather rare in both the reclaimed and spontaneous succession parts of the ore basin compared to the surrounding landscape. The relative abundance of socially parasitic ants increases in a gradient from the reclaimed basin, through the basin with spontaneous succession to the unaltered surroundings. Our study highlighted the fact that the formation of ant communities at post-industrial sites is clearly more complicated than for other arthropods, including related aculeate hymenopterans. The potential of both reclaimed and spontaneous succession basins for harbouring endangered species appeared to be lower for ants than for other taxa indicated by recent studies.
Our paper presents a detailed comparative analysis and methodology of selection of a reclamation procedure for the Górka hazardous waste landfill in Trzebinia, Poland. The most favorable solution offered by the authors is based on the measurable evaluation criteria and the decision analysis. Evaluation criteria have been selected to meet the assumptions of a sustainable development concept and take into account ecological, economical, and social aspects of the analyzed options. At the same time, the most favorable technical and technological solutions have been proposed. The principal conditions of the properly carried out reclamation include: • Permanent elimination of harmful environmental effects caused by the solid waste landfill and leachate from the reservoir, mainly through reduced emission of pollutants to ground and surface waters. • Reclamation of soil within the disused quarry up to the standards required by Polish Law. • Reclamation and land development according to municipal zoning plan guidelines.
Old industries cause serious ecological damage to the surrounding countryside. The dump as a side effect of Nickel Metallurgical Works in Sered' operation had been a problem from urban and agricultural point of view since the 1960's. The dump was a threat for its surroundings as a source of enormous amounts of dust because it consisted of fine grained powder heap with unstabilized surface structure. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of experimental work focused on stabilization of the dump surface with vegetation cover which has been done mostly at the Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering at Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra.
The authors determined the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and electrical conductivity, as well as the colour and pH in the ground waters of 26 peatbogs in Pomerania (NW Poland). Three kinds of peat-bogs have been taken into account – forestless sphagnum-cover bogs, bog coniferous forests and birch swamps. The condition of bogs was classified as good, moderate or poor as regards their natural qualities. In good natural-status peat-bogs the lowest amounts of DOC (about 30 mg C dm⁻³) and conductivity (<100 µS cm⁻¹) were found in the water of the peat of sphagnumcover bogs, higher levels were recorded in forest peat-bog water (DOC – 50 mg C dm⁻³, conductivity – 100 µS cm⁻¹). Drainage of all the kinds of peat-bog under study leads to an increase in the concentration of DOC (>70 mg C dm⁻³) and conductivity (up to 90 µS cm⁻¹ in degraded sphagnum-cover bogs and 140–150 µS cm⁻¹ in degraded forest bogs); there also occurs an increase in acidity (from pH 4.0–3.7 to 3.7–3.4) and coloration (from 300 to 1000 mg Pt dm⁻³ in forestless peat-bogs and from 600–800 to 1400–1600 mg Pt dm⁻³ in forest bogs).
The post-mining (Zn, Pb) open pit under study (local name “Krążek”) is situated in the Silesian Upland (50°17’N, 19°27’E) in an area abounding in zinc-lead ores. The open pit, 7.5 ha in area and 30 m deep, was designated for reclamation. Reclamation work started in 1999 and consisted in filling the excavation with foreign (nonlocal) material, and planting pine and oak. It was completed in 2002. Studies of the vegetation colonizing the open pit were carried out in 20 permanent plots (25 m²) representing two types of imported soil substrate (sandy, clayey) in the years 2003–2005. They were based on 60 phytosociological relevés made according to Braun-Blanquet’s methods. In the studied open pit, 178 vascular plant species, spontaneously colonizing the newly created substrate, were found. Only 43 species were present in every year of the study. Most frequent were sporadic species (130), occurring in less than 20% of the relevés. The plants of the reclaimed area represented different ecological groups. Species associated with human-transformed sites (e.g. Solidago canadensis, Tussilago farfara) were the most numerous, but their number decreased with time during the study. Species connected with seminatural (meadow) sites (e.g. Achillea millefolium, Daucus carota) and natural (xerothermic and sandy grassland) sites (e.g. Hypericum perforatum, Poa compressa, Corynephorus canescens) were less frequent, but their number increased with time during the study. Six groups of species connected with the soil substrate type (sand – Rumex acetosella, Cardaminopsis arenosa; clay – Ranunculus repens, Medicago lupulina) and the colonization period (2003 – Atriplex patula, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum hydropiper; 2004–2005 – Calamagrostis epigejos, Leontodon hispidus) were distinguished. Species composition changed over the study period. In the clayey plots these changes were more apparent than in the sandy ones. The numbers of species were lower, the diversity indexes slightly lower and the evenness indexes slightly higher in 2003 than in later years (2004–2005). The initial stages of colonization of the open pit were characterized by the presence of mostly nonlocal ruderal species (Melandrium album, Matricaria maritima, Atriplex patula) which originated from the bank of diaspores in the soil brought to the open pit and from seeds introduced during the reclamation work. Local plants contributed little to the colonization process. Ecological restoration methods in areas degraded by mining activity are discussed; the use of local soil material containing the local bank of diasporas and soil microorganism associations is recommended.
The present paper shows the results of research whose aim was to establish the degree of the sensitivity of Betula pendula Roth seedlings to the adverse conditions of the zinc smelter sludge-silt waste. For the pot cultures post-floatation sludge-silt waste was brought to the laboratory and placed in pots (17 cm in top diameter). In the experiment the following soil variants were used: I - sludge-silt waste II - sludge-silt waste mixed with peat III - sludge-silt waste covered with 2.5 cm layer of garden soil IV - garden soil as a control type The seeds of Betula pendula trees growing on the post-floatation sludge-silt waste grounds had been collected in the vicinity of the dump. Additionally, seeds of birch from non-polluted region (Mirów) were used as a control group. In the experiment, the soil variants were used in three replicates and each pot received 25 seeds. At the end of experiment, the seedlings were counted and the shoot height and root length were measured. Significant differences exist between zinc heap and Mirów regions in pollen vitality and seed germination capacity. The experiment showed positive results for seedlings from zinc dump seeds growing on the variant II of soil and for seedlings from Mirów seeds growing on variants III and IV of soil.
The objective of the work was to evaluate, by using the micromorphometric method, the effects of reclamation on porosity of two different clay loam soils irrigated with saline-sodic waters. Soil samples of the Ap horizon were put in cylindrical containers and irrigated with 9 types of saline-sodic waters (3 levels of salinity combined with 3 levels of sodicity). After a 4-year period, correction treatments were initiated by addition of calcium sulphate and leaching until electrical conductivity and sodium absorption ratio values of the drainage water matched 3 dS m-1 and 9, respectively. After 2 years of correction treatments, undisturbed soil samples were taken from the surface layer and soil thin sections for porosity measurements. Both soils did not show critical macroporosity values (> 10%, below this threshold a soil is classified as compact). Nevertheless, the soils exhibiteda different behaviour: total porosity of the Pachic Haploxeroll soil was not affected by difference in water salinity and alkalinity; on the contrary, the Udertic Ustochrept soil showed a lower porosity associated with higher salt concentration in the irrigation waters. This may be due to the different iron and aluminium sesquioxides content and, as a consequence, a different effect on soil aggregate stability.
Wśród możliwych do zastosowania w rekultywacji zamkniętych składowisk odpadów komunalnych materiałów najbardziej dostępnym, a jednocześnie wartościowym są komunalne osady ściekowe. Celem niniejszej pracy było określenie możliwej do zastosowania dawki osadów ściekowych, wykorzystanych do ukształtowania warstwy próchnico twórczej. W analizie uwzględniono zawartość metali ciężkich w badanych osadach jako czynnika najsilniej ograniczającego wielkość dawki, a jednocześnie miąższość ukształtowanej warstwy próchnicotwórczej. Badaniami i analizą objęto osady ściekowe pochodzące z 3 mechaniczno-biologicznych oczyszczalni ścieków na terenie Międzyodrza w Szczecinie, Oczyszczalni Ścieków Tele-Fonika Kable S. A. (Oddział w Szczecinie - „Załom”) oraz Oczyszczalni Ścieków w Elektrowni „Dolna Odra” w Nowym Czarnowie. Po przeprowadzonych badaniach stwierdzono, że czynnikiem najbardziej ograniczającym rekultywacyjne wykorzystanie badanych osadów ściekowych okazała się wysoka w nich zawartość rtęci („Międzyodrze”, „Dolna Odra”) oraz miedzi („Załom”), co pozwala na zastosowanie osadów w ilości niespełna 1/10 dawki dopuszczalnej. Stwierdzono także, iż możliwa do zastosowania w celach rekultywacyjnych dawka osadów jest niewystarczająca do ukształtowania dobrej próchnicotwórczej warstwy rekultywacyjnej.
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących celowości eksploatacji osadów zgromadzonych w Zbiorniku Rożnowskim. Z trzech wykopów i wierceń pobrano próbki osadów, oznaczając następnie ich właściwości fizyczne i chemiczne. Celem owych badań było określenie przydatności osadów do wzrostu roślin oraz przypuszczalnego ciężaru metra sześciennego materiału do transportu, a także zawartości pierwiastków szkodliwych w osadach.
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