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Productivity of plants is determined by multiple factors that directly affect one another, therefore yield variability may be high and difficult to predict. Most often, however, a lower crop yield is achieved in the notillage system than in the ploughing system. An exact field experiment was undertaken to determine the yield and chemical composition of pea seeds sown under conditions of: 1) conventional tillage – CT (shallow ploughing and harrowing after the harvest of previous crop, pre-winter ploughing in winter); 2) reduced tillage – RT (stubble cultivator after the harvest of previous crop); and 3) herbicide tillage – HT (only glyphosate after the harvest of previous crop). A cultivation unit was applied on all plots in the springtime. Pea seed yield was higher by 14.1% in the CT than in the RT system and by 50.5% than in the HT system. The CT system was increasing the plant number m–2, number of pods and seeds m–2, seed mass per plant, and 1000 seeds mass, compared to the other systems. Protein content of seeds was at a similar level in all analyzed tillage systems, but was affected by the study year. In turn, the mineral composition of seeds was determined by both tillage system and study year. The seeds harvested from CT plots contained more phosphorus and iron, those from RT plots – more calcium and zinc, whereas those from HT plots – more phytate-P, potassium, magnesium, and copper, compared to the seeds from the other plots
The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of cadmium (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg Cd · kg-1 soil) on the potassium uptake by oats, maize, yellow lupine and radish. The effect of organic matter on cadmium immobilization was investigated in several treatments of the experiment using non-supplemented soil and soil supplemented with compost soil, brown coal, lime or bentonite. The correlations between the potassium content and the cadmium contamination of the soil, plant yield and the content of macro- and microelements in the plants were determined. The species and organ of the plants determined the uptake of potassium and influenced the effect of cadmium on the uptake of potassium by plants. Artificial soil contamination by cadmium reduced the content of potassium in oat grains and in the above-ground parts and roots of yellow lupine and radish. A reverse effect - an increase in the concentration of potassium, was found for oat straw and roots and maize roots. The application of compost soil, brown coal, lime and bentonite reduced the potassium concentration in the particular organs of the experimental crops. The concentration of potassium was positively correlated with plant yield and the content of macroelements and some microelements in them.
Calendula officinalis L. is one of the most valuable medicinal plants of Asteraceae family and is widely used in the pharmaceutical, health, and food industries. To evaluate the effect of different treatments of super absorbent and zinc sulfate fertilizer on the yield and yield components of Calendula officinalis L., this experiment was conducted at the Islamic Azad University of Khoy. This was a factorial experiment using as the first factor super absorbent polymers at four levels to the soil (0, 4, 6, 8 g/kg) and as the second factor, 4 zinc sulfate concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 70 mg per pot (based on a randomized complete block design with three replications). The results showed that super absorbent polymers had significant effect on all yield traits, but Zn sulfate fertilizer had only a significant effect on flower diameter, number of stems, total biomass with seeds, total biomass yield, seed yield, and harvest index. The interaction of the super absorbent polymers and zinc sulfate fertilizer increased the plant height, total biomass with seeds and flowers, seed weight, and flower and seed harvest index, whereas the diameter of flowers, number of stems, dry flower yield, flower number per m2, and seed yield were not affected. Super absorbent polymers with zinc sulfate fertilizer had the greatest effect on most yield traits and had a positive effect on increasing the yield components of Calendula officinalis L., which improved the grain yield. The use of super absorbent polymers can improve the water holding capacity of the soil, which reduces the need for water and improves the yield in arid and semi-arid areas.
The present study examined the correlation between phenolic acids and flavonoids with high and low yield traits of rice. It was observed that the difference of phenolic contents among the tested rice lines occurred only at the vegetative stage. The concentrations of phenolic acids were higher in the high yield cultivars than low yield varieties at the vegetative stage, but they either decreased dramatically or disappeared during the development stage. Caffeic acid was found only in high yield, whereas chlorogenic acid was detected only in low yield rice. Sinapic acid was the dominant phenolic acid in high yield cultivars at vegetative stage (3.7 mg/g), followed by ferulic acid (1.2 mg/g). These findings suggested that caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid and chlorogenic acid may play a particular role in forming yield components in rice. The cultivar B3 contained high amount of sinapic acid may be used as a natural source for pharmaceutical use.
The aim of the experiments was to determine the effect of cadmium-contaminated soil (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg Cd · kg⁻¹ soil) on the magnesium content in oats, maize, yellow lupine and radish. Compost, brown coal, lime and bentonite were added to reduce the undesirable effect of cadmium contamination on the plants. As a result of soil contamination with cadmium, the amount of magnesium increased in all the examined parts of the oats, in the above-ground parts of yellow lupine and radish as well in the roots of maize. The application of compost, lime, bentonite and especially brown coal into the soil had an overall positive effect on the magnesium content in the vegetative parts of the crops. The magnesium content in the plants was generally correlated with the accumulation of other macro- and some microelements.
Genetic barrier remains one of the major difficulties in maize anther culture and its application in breeding procedure. In order to investigate the genetic effects of anther culturability, five maize inbred lines with different anther culturability, including world-wide used commercial lines Mo17 and B73, were selected to form a 5 x 5 complete diallel cross. 1500-2000 anthers from each of the 25 combinations were cultured on modified Yupei medium. 0-20.93 embryoids per 100 plated anthers were produced from different combinations. Inbred line A3 had the highest anther culturability and produced at least 5 embryoids per 100 anthers in any involved combinations. Hayman’s diallel analysis results showed that both embryoid and plant yields are genetically controlled. The additive effects were predominant while the dominant effects were significant only for plant yield. The dominance was partial and the dominant genes had the positive effects on anther culturability. The narrow sense heritability (h2N) are 0.97 and 0.96 for embryoid and plant yields respectively. Taken together, these results suggested that the genetic improvement of maize anther culturability might be efficient using hybridisation and/or selection procedures.
Thyme belongs to herbal plants, the yield and quality of which depend on biological factors, agrotechnical procedures and the way of processing and storage. Basic factor differentiating the biological value of plants is fertilization, including manure, as well as plant growth and development, which is significantly influenced by the pH of the substrate, in which the plants are grown. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of manure dose (12.5 and 25 g·dm–3) and calcium carbonate (5 and 15 g·dm–3) on the yield and biological value of thyme. The fresh thyme mass yield was changed under the influence of the factors used. The highest yield of raw material was recorded after using a high dose of manure and calcium carbonate. Significantly higher concentration of essential oil in thyme was found after feeding the plants with higher dose of manure. The inverse relationship was demonstrated for the amount of L-ascorbic acid that decreased with the increase in manure dose. Calcium fertilizers not only serve to regulate the acidity, but are also a source of calcium for plants. After applying a higher dose of CaCO3, significant increase in the yield of fresh thyme mass was observed and higher dry matter content was recorded
Root vegetables have greater risk of metal contamination from compost application to soil than other horticultural crops. Moreover, soil organic amendments pose potential environmental hazards. The objective of the present study was to examine the heavy metal uptake in different tissues (petiole, blade, skin, pulp) of Raphanus sativus exposed to organic amendments doses. The impact of the above materials on heavy metal concentration of the soil and plant development parameters were also evaluated. A pot experiment was established with eight treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design and four replicates. Co-compost of sewage sludge and olive wastes at 100, 200, 300 m3 ha–1, composted olive leaves, olive tree pruning wastes, olive mill pomace and poultry manure at 100, 200 m3 ha–1, commercial liquid organic fertilizer at 50 Kg ha–1 with or without inorganic NPK fertilization and a no fertilizing control, were applied to plants. The results showed that sewage sludge application strongly increased the yield and improved radish size cultivated in silt loam soil. The edible radish part had the lowest Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cr content, whereas the highest Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr was found in the blade and increased Fe, Ni, Pb were recorded in the skin. Organic treatments gave higher Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn amount in both aerial plant tissues compared to the control soil, while Ni, Pb, Cr of all the radish parts were not affected by treatments. This study suggested that organic amendments application gave low permissible levels of all metal content in radish tissues and increased radish productivity. Therefore, organic materials used herein can be applied for normal plant growth without metal contamination of the plant and the soil.
The experiment studied the effect of various mulching terms of ‘Foxtrot’ tulips with wheat straw in combination with spraying of plantations with herbicides using various doses and different amounts of working liquid. The mulch was laid out just after planting and after the soil had frozen. The experiment included combinations, in which the mulch was left until the end of the growing season or removed in spring. Spraying with single (linuron 675 g·ha–1 + lenacyl 1000 g·ha–1) or double herbicide dose (linuron 1350 g·ha–1 + lenacyl 2000 g·ha–1) was made before covering the soil with mulch and also on mulch – two weeks after planting the bulbs, or in the spring after thawing the soil. Volumes of 300 dm3 and 600 dm3 of working liquid were used for spraying. Tulips covered with mulch bloomed 2–3 days later and formed longer shoots as compared to non-mulched ones. The highest yield of marketable bulbs and the first-selection ones was obtained from tulips mulched immediately after planting and sprayed 2 weeks later with herbicides used in a single dose of 600 dm3 of a working liquid. Mulching of tulips after soil freezing and removal of mulch in spring adversely affects the number and weight of commercial bulbs. The lowest yield was obtained in combinations, in which the mulch was not used. The use of additional nitrogen fertilization before laying out the mulch did not affect the yield of tulips. Herbicides can be used both before mulching and after covering the plantation with mulch. It is not necessary to increase the dose of the agent and the amount of water.
The effects of nitrogen from mineral fertilizers and from manure on the yield of rye and potatoes, as well as the content of the total and mineral nitrogen in soil horizons up to 65 cm, were studied for 3 years. The study results were obtained from fields where rye and potatoes had been cultivated in monocultures from 1923 and from fields on which these plants were cultivated in rotation without manure and without a papilionaceous plant. Combinations of CaPK or PK non-fertilized with nitrogen, CaNPK or NPK fertilized with this component and fertilized with manure applied every year or every 4 years with CaNPK were used for the studies. In the case of similar amounts of N, P, K introduced to soils with manure and mineral fertilizers, greater yield was obtained and better recovery of nitrogen by the plants was observed while using mineral fertilizers. As a result of using sole manure, much more total nitrogen was obtained in all soil layers than in the case of mineral fertilizers. Sections with manure also included greater amounts of mineral nitrogen than the ones with mineral fertilizers, but only in the Ap and Bt horizon.
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