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Zaprezentowano ocenę wykorzystania roślin ozdobnych na wiejskich cmentarzach Dolnego Śląska. Ocenę zieleni cmentarnej przeprowadzono w latach 2002-2005 na dziesięciu wybranych obiektach. Prace terenowe obejmowały inwentaryzację roślin ozdobnych z uwzględnieniem roślin zielnych oraz drzew, krzewów i krzewinek, oraz określenie częstości występowania roślin ozdobnych. Policzono również procent grobów dekorowanych roślinami żywymi (w tym kwiatami ciętymi), żywymi i sztucznymi oraz tylko sztucznymi a także procent grobów ziemnych, z odkrytą częścią ziemną i całkowicie zabudowanych. Liczba oznaczonych taksonów na poszczególnych obiektach była różna i wynosiła od 60 do 149. Dominującą grupą roślin na każdym cmentarzu były byliny, które stanowiły około 50% wszystkich taksonów. Spośród wszystkich roślin ozdobnych, najczęściej na grobach i obok nich, rosły: bratek ogrodowy, aksamitka rozpierzchła, rogownica Biebersteina, chryzantema wielkokwiatowa i bergenia sercolistna. Groby dekorowano również żywymi roślinami ciętymi a także kwiatami sztucznymi. Te ostatnie stosowano wyłącznie na większości grobów (38-55%) na cmentarzach w Sadkowie, Małkowicach, Lutyni i Mrozowie. Tylko na cmentarzu w Rędzinach przeważały żywe rośliny ozdobne (63%). Na badanych cmentarzach stwierdzono, że grobów ziemnych było niewiele - zaledwie kilka procent. Przeważały natomiast groby całkowicie zabudowane (tych najwięcej było w Gądkowicach i Wierzchowicach - 78%) oraz z odkrytą częścią ziemną, których szczególnie dużo było w Sadkowie - 60% i Wysokim Kościele - 71,5%. Biorąc pod uwagę budowę nagrobków oraz fakt częstego stosowania sztucznych kwiatów, można zadać pytanie, czy obecne cmentarze nadal zasługują na miano ogrodów pamięci.
In the preceding research, stevia has been typically cloned in vitro using two media, on which the shoots were formed (3–6 weeks), and on the other they were rooted (3–5 weeks). This study aimed at finding the possibility for rapid stevia propagation from large nodal explants using the MS basal medium [Murashige and Skoog 1962], with low auxin concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 mg.dm–3). The plants were obtained as soon as after three weeks. The best results were obtained from media with various concentrations of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the highest concentration of phenylacetic acid (PAA). Plants were formed by 83.9–86.0% of explants, they had high weight (234–253 mg), two shoots measuring 2.07–2.37 cm and 5.8–8.3 roots measuring 1.00–1.24 cm. Mean plant weight was the lowest on media with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (185–192 mg). Both explant buds formed single shoots, but their development was typically uneven. The differences in the length and weight of shoots were the lowest on media with IAA and at lower PAA concentrations. Plants from the media with IAA and the control medium were distinguished by higher number of nodes. The percentage share of shoots in the total plant weight was the highest on media with PAA (62.1–62.7%), and the lowest at higher concentrations of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (47.9 and 48.9%). Parts of explants immersed in media developed callus, and the highest amounts of this tissue were found in the media with NAA. 92.3% of plants survived the acclimatization. The applied procedure may be used for rapid in vitro cloning of selected stevia genotypes. The use of one medium enables reduction of seedling production costs. Moreover, cyclical cloning and extending the production scale is possible.
The objects of our investigations were two strains of H. erinaceus, HI and D5, grown on substrates from beech, oak and birch sawdust. The following parameters were determined in the carpophores of examined mushrooms: contents of dry matter, protein, fat and car­bohydrates as well as concentration of volatile compounds.Contents of dry matter, protein and fat did not differ in carpophores of the examined H. erinaceus strains. However, in comparison with the carpophores of the D5 strain, carpo­phores of the HI strain had higher content of carbohydrates. The type of sawdust used as a substrate influenced the content of dry matter, protein, fat and carbohydrates in the carpophores. The carpophores developed on beech and oak sawdust substrates contained more mentioned components than those which grew on birch substrate. This was charac­teristic for both of examined mushroom strains.The total of nine volatile compounds was identified in the carpophores of H. erinaceus. The dominant compound was l-octen-3-ol which constituted 56-60% of their total amount.
The influence of various soil materials (sandy, silty and compost) on growth and develop­ment of blueweed (Echium plantagineum L.) was examined in pot experiment carried out in 2001-2003. Seeds were sown at the beginning of April and at the beginning of May. Plant growth and the weight of produced seeds depended on the soil material type. The high­est vegetative mass as well as seeds was obtained on compost. However, the vegetation period and seed maturation were prolonged on that kind of soil. Among compared sowing dates, April was more favorable - the plants were taller, more branched and produced big­ger aboveground parts, roots and seed weight than those from May sowing. Furthermore, delayed sowing caused decrease of fat content in the seeds and a slight increase of GLA and SDA levels. Blueweed growing on sandy material accumulated the most of fat in seeds. The fat content decreased along with the increase of soil abundance in nutrients. The per­centage of GLA and SDA in oil was similar and did not depend on soil type significantly.
The problem of possible utilization of herbs or their extracts in the animal diets was stu­died. The future of using herbs in animal feeding will in great measure depend on the knowledge of chemical structure, their value and characteristics of particular herbs or their extracts, physiological needs and well-being of animals, and, above all, on consu­mers' preferences and expectations.
The influence of various soil materials (sandy, silty and compost) on growth and develop­ment of blueweed (Echium plantagineum L.) was examined in pot experiment carried out in 2001-2003. Seeds were sown at the beginning of April and at the beginning of May. Plant growth and the weight of produced seeds depended on the soil material type. The high­est vegetative mass as well as seeds was obtained on compost. However, the vegetation period and seed maturation were prolonged on that kind of soil. Among compared sowing dates, April was more favorable - the plants were taller, more branched and produced big­ger aboveground parts, roots and seed weight than those from May sowing. Furthermore, delayed sowing caused decrease of fat content in the seeds and a slight increase of GLA and SDA levels. Blueweed growing on sandy material accumulated the most of fat in seeds. The fat content decreased along with the increase of soil abundance in nutrients. The per­centage of GLA and SDA in oil was similar and did not depend on soil type significantly.
Growth, yielding, leiocaroposide content in goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L. ssp. virgaurea) herb depending on different NPK fertilisation level were analysed and compared in the study. Every year, before the beginning of plants vegetation the following compounds were applied, respectively: nitrogen fertilisation - in form of ammonium nitrate 34% N (N1 - 0.046 g N per pot, N2 - 0.093 g N per pot, N3 - 0.139 g N per pot), phosphorous in a form of single superfosphate 7.9% P (PI - 0.213 g P per pot, P2 - 0.428 g P per pot, P3 - 0.854 g P per pot) and potassium - in a form of potassium salt 48.1% K (Kl - 0.169 g K2 per pot, K2 - 0.337 g K per pot, l<3 - 0.675 g K per pot) according to experiment design in three levels and different combinations (16) of elements mentioned above. Mineral fertilization is the factor which significantly affected appearance and all golden- rod features under study. Fertilization with use of all macroelements (N, P, K) (especially in double or triple doses) led to the highest level of yields of raw material. Phosphorous played an important role in goldenrod plant proper growth as well as active substances accumulation while nitrogen application took place in aboveground parts of yield.
The experiments were carried out in 2004-2005 in The Experimental Farm Felin, Agricul­tural University in Lublin. The seedling was set into the field on 15 May 2004 and 12 May 2005. The first harvest of leaves was made on 30 July, second - 27 October. Plants were irrigated using dropping lines. Cultivation of leaf celery with no irrigation gave leaf yield at the level of 5.2-6.34 kg/m2; use of irrigation elevated it to 7.70-11.97 kg/m2. Closer spac­ing between leaf celery seedlings caused a significant increase of leaf yield. The highest yield of leaves was obtained from Safir cv.
Herbs, in spite of their relatively small acreage, play an important role in Polish economy. Their significance relies on wide employment, especially in pharmacy, food industry and cosmetology. They are essential for international trade, too. Herbs cultivation differs from other crops due to the importance of raw material quality in their usefulness. Among fac­tors affecting raw material productivity and quality, effect of watering is little recognized. In general, water accessibility ensures higher biomass production, but at the same time causes decrease of biological active components content. However, in some cases, devia­tions from this principle have been found.
In the years 2000-2002 a field experiment aiming comparison of production effects of direct sowing and seedlings produced in multi-cell transplanting trays of chosen medicinal plants (valerian, lemon balm, lovage, basil, thyme, sage and rue) was carried out. The ex­periment was led on silty (loess origin) soil. Transplants production in multi-cell trays resulted in growth period prolongation, which had positive effect on plant size and raw material yields from the area unit. However, an increase of essential oil content in raw material obtained from objects with direct sowing was noted. On the contrary, essential oil yields of all compared species were higher on plots with seedlings transplanting. Therefore, on silty, encrusted soil (loess type) herbs trans­plants produced in multi-cell trays should be recommended for plantation establishment.
The aim of the research was to evaluate the mercury concentrations in common herbal products. There were 55 products examined. All of them, with one exception, contained less than 0.02 mg Hg/kg, which is not dangerous for human's health, according to con­temporary medical knowledge. Achieved results indicate that herbal products, in majority originated in Polish industry, do not give any alarming premises that would indirectly indicate the mercury pollution of natural or agricultural area.
In 2003-2004 studies aimed to compare nitrogen compounds levels in some species of spice herbs were carried out. Species chosen for the experiment were: tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), chervil (An- thriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.), summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.), marjoram (Origanum majorana L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and leafy type parsley (Petroselinum hortense Hoffm. var.foliosum). In the fresh plant raw material content of total nitrogen, total protein, nitrates and nitrites was determined. Herb species had a significant influence on the amount of chemical compounds. Significantly higher content of total nitrogen and total protein was found in lemon balm and hyssop while the highest nitrate level - in hyssop. Among all spice herbs tested, the highest amount of nitrites was detected in chervil.
Long time grazing of lucerne-cocksfoot and lucerne-cocksfoot-sainfoin swards is supposed to result in a decline of dry matter yields, to reduce the persistence of the sward and to influence the morphology (root collar thickness and crown diameter) and the regrowth of lucerne from root collars and from the stubble. In the years 2000-2004 in the trial run at IUNG-PIB Grabów (province of Mazovia) yields, persistence, regrowth, root collar thickness and crown diameter of lucerne grown in six different associations with cocksfoot or with cocksfoot and sainfoin grown under two grazing systems (short-time: 1-2 days of grazing and 30 days of regrowth, long-time: 7-8 days of grazing followed by 23-24 days of regrowth) were investigated. It was found in the trial that the impact of grazing system became evident only in the third year of sward utilization and that, under a short-time grazing, a significantly higher yield was obtained as compared to that under a long-time grazing. The cultivars Luzelle and Legend were characterized by a higher dry matter yield and by a better regrowth from the stubble as compared to the cv. Kometa. Under the trial conditions the duration of grazing and specific composition of the mixtures had no effect on the number of lucerne shoots in 0.5 kg of the herbage, on the crown diameter or on the regrowth of lucerne from the stubble. A short-time grazing of the mixtures (1-2 days of grazing followed by 30 days of regrowth promoted better foliage development, an increased root collar thickness and increased the persistence of lucerne plants when compared to the short-time grazing (7-8 days of grazing followed by 23-24 days of regrowth). Due to a low dry matter yields, tall shoots and low persistence under long- or short-time grazing the Kometa cv. should not be grown in associations with cocksfoot or with cocksfoot and sainfoin to be grazed by cattle.
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