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Ascaris suum is the commonest parasitic infection of pigs, with deleterious effects that give rise to the greatest economic losses in the swine industry. Popular methods of treatment with anthelmintic drugs have proved largely ineffective in reducing the incidence of swine ascariasis. We propose the use of drug-abbreviated infections to immunize young pigs. Young animals receive drug in their feed when they are continuously exposed to the infective eggs normally occurring in their surroundings. After 3-6 weeks, pigs acquire resistance that is effective against subsequent exposures to infective eggs after the drug is withdrawn.
Both the adrenergic and the cholinergic components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) have been found to be an important source of nerve fibres supplying the lungs. On the other hand, data regarding the innervation of the pulmonary tissue in breeding animals are surprisingly scarce. Therefore, in the present study noradrenergic and acetylcholinesterase-positive (AChE-positive) innervation of the lungs of sexually immature pigs was studied using histochemical methods. Studies were performed on six juvenile female pigs (aged 9 weeks, body weight 15–20 kg). Samples of the tissue were collected from the caudal lobe of the right lung. 10µm cryostat sections were processed for the sucrosepotassium phosphate-glyoxylic acid technique to determine the occurrence and distribution of noradrenergic nerve fibres, while AChE-positive nerves were detected according to the acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. The present results revealed a dense network of noradrenergic nerve fibres localised mainly in the muscular membrane surrounding the epithelium of the bronchuli while AChE- -positive nerve terminals supplied functional capillary vessels localised in the inter-alveolar septum and mucous membrane of the bronchi and bronchuli. The results of the present study confirm those of physiological experiments reporting the influence of the adrenergic and cholinergic components of the autonomic nervous system on the lung functions of pigs.
The aim of the study was to analyze the distribution of calcium ions in the pig pineal gland at the level of electron microscopy. The investigations were performed on the pineals obtained immediately after slaughter (performed between 11:30 and 12:00 a.m.) from 4-month-old gilts. The fixation procedures were conducted with the use of pyroantimonate, which reacted with calcium ions and formed electron dense precipitates. The precipitates were found both in the intercellular spaces and in cells - pinealocytes, gial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The precipitates were much more numerous in the intercellular spaces than in the cells. Amount and distribution of precipitates differed significantly between pinealocytes, therefore two types of cells were distinguished. The first type of pinealocytes included cells containing a small or moderate amount of precipitates. They were usually characterized by light or dark cytoplasm and large variability in number and structure of dense bodies. Pinealocytes classified to the second type possessed large or very large content of precipitates. These cells were characterized by electron dense cytoplasm and showed the presence of numerous dense bodies. In both types of pinealocytes, precipitates were present in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. In nuclei, precipitates were numerous in nucleoplasma and rather infrequently noted between membranes of the nuclear envelope. In the cytoplasm deposits were found in mitochondria, vesicles and cisterns of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, in the Golgi apparatus and in cytosol. The amount of precipitates in glial cells, endothelial cells and fibrocytes was lower than in pinealocytes.
The majority of anaesthetics used in studies regarding heart arrhythmias may affect the cardiac conduction system, thus influencing the results. In veterinary medicine, xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine are commonly used for premedication in laboratory and companion animals. To date, there have been no studies assessing the effect of these substances on the cardiac conduction system. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine on the parameters of the cardiac conduction system in pigs. The study was carried out on 18 Great White Polish male pigs weighing from 21 to 40 kg. The animals were divided into three equal groups. The animals from the first group received xylazine at a dose of 2 mg/kg i.v.; those from the second group received medetomidine at 40 mcg/kg i.v.; and those from the third group received dexmedetomidine at 10 mcg/kg i.v. The electrophysiological activity of the heart was analysed using an invasive electrophysiological study (EPS). During the EPS, a decrease in the heart rate after substance administration was observed in all animals, but there were no statistically significant differences in the cardiac conduction parameters. A pro-arrhythmic effect of xylazine was observed, but no statistically significant changes in the EPS parameters were noted. Our results indicate that medetomidine and dexmedetomidine may be used as standard premedication drugs in electrophysiological studies in pigs. Their use may facilitate animal preparation procedures without affecting study results.
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