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Background. Monitoring public health workforce is one of the essential functions of the public health system. Objective. The aim of the study was to identify the specialities for physicians and dentists related to public health in the years 1951-2013, and analyse of available data on physicians and dentists certified as public health specialists (PHS) in 2003-2015. Material and Methods. The historical analysis covers a relevant regulations of a minister in charge of health. The data on PHS were obtained from the Centre of Medical Exams and included: the number of specialists and their demographic characteristics, professional background, spatial distribution. Density was also calculated. Results. The public health specialty was introduced in 1999. Before there were specialties in disciplines related to public health. In the years of 2003-2015, 360 physicians and dentists were certified as PHS. The majority of them had former background in another discipline, mostly related to clinical medicine. The average age of specialists was 47.2. Currently, the average age of specialists is ca. 57.6 years, with a prevalence of people aged 61-70 years (36.9%). PHS tend to be older than specialists in other disciplines. Over three fourths of PHS were certified in 2004. With the exception of that year, the public health specialist title was annually obtained by an average of 9 persons. The density of PHS in Poland was 0.94 per 100 thousand inhabitants, ranging between 0.16 and 3.12 in a given voivodeship. Conclusions. The analysis has revealed numerous obstacles in estimation of the number of PHS and indicated a lack of relevant mechanisms aimed at workforce development. A relevant policy for developing public health workforce is urgently needed.
Background: In the work of a physician, not only knowledge, and professional skills (technical/hard) are important, but also psychosocial skills (relational/soft). Objectives: The primary goal of the presented research was evaluation of the level (study of the state) of communication competences of physicians and determination of the factors on which this level depends. An additional goal was analysis of the needs and educational possibilities within the existing models of education in the area of interpersonal communication provided in Medical Universities in Poland. Design, setting and participants: Information about educational curricula available on the websites of 12 Medical Universities in Poland were compared. The self-designed questionnaire and adjective check list were subject to standardization from the aspect of reliability and validity. The study groups included 1) occupationally-active physicians (185 respondents) employed in outpatient departments and hospitals, who were covered by a pre-graduate standard educational programme and not trained in interpersonal communication skills as part of their continuing education; 2) medical students covered by a standard educational programme (246 respondents). Results: The conducted analysis of the educational curricula showed a very narrow scope of problems concerning professional medical communication. The results indicating the general state of respondents’ communication competences within all aspects (motivation, skills, knowledge) were relatively low. That clearly indicated an inadequate educational model (students), and lack of post-graduate training in the area of professional medical communication (physicians). Conclusions: The education of students of medicine should cover selected classes within the scope of professional communication competences. These classes should be based on the systemically designed training of skills. The patterning by students of the relations attitudes observed in practising physicians is insufficient. It is necessary to apply a methodical evaluation of communication competences, diagnosing educational needs of occupationally active physicians in this respect. This allows the preparation of courses in accordance with the needs in the area of professional communication competences.
Background. Medical professionals frequently experience low back pain as a result of mechanical overload caused by prolonged standing, performing activities in a position of trunk flexion, extended work hours and physically stressful duties. The above-mentioned stresses, when they exceed the adaptive capacity of the tissues, can lead to pain, degenerative changes and even disability. Material and methods. 114 employees, including 48 (42%) physicians and 66 (58%) nurses, were examined. Their average age was 42.08±9.43 years, and the average years of work experience was 17.16±10.36 years. To assess the occurrence of low back pain, a standardized Oswestry Questionnaire was used, while for assessments of ergonomics an original questionnaire was used. Results. 95 respondents (83.33%), including 31 physicians (64.58%) and 64 nurses (96.96%), did not apply the principles of ergonomics in the work environment. The most common reasons were that working conditions were not conducive to ergonomic approaches to their duties and that there were not enough medical personnel to make ergonomic choices possible. All subjects experienced back pain. The Oswestry Questionnaire was used to determine the degree of disability caused by back pain. Among the physicians, the majority of respondents (n=35, 73%) experienced a small degree of disability, while the nurses experienced a moderate amount of disability (n= 35, 53%). Conclusions. Most of the examined personnel did not apply principles of ergonomics and had incomplete knowledge in this area. All subjects were burdened with low back pain, one of every ten of them were seriously affected. The results indicate the need to provide ergonomics education to medical personnel.
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Polish thread in the history of circulatory physiology

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A review of the most outstanding achievements in physiology of circulation done by scientists and physicians from Poland and evaluation of their contribution to the world knowledge in this matter is presented in the paper. The authors associate the beginnings of the Polish history of studying heart and its diseases with the brilliant physician from the XIVth century - Thomas of Wrocław, and then in the XVIth century, with the most eminent physician of Polish Renaissance, the expert on pulse, Joseph Struś. The attempts to address the issues related to the circulatory system over historical period of early ages, through baroque and the blooming period in medicine of the XIXth, up to our times, were presented. The memories of the exceptional and the more or less known in the world cardiologic ancestors, associated with Poland, were recalled, such as: Adam.Ch. Thebesius, Robert Remak, Edward Korczyński, Oscar Widmann, Napoleon Cybulski, Joseph Pawiński, Andrew Klisiecki, Adolph Beck, Leon Popielski, Wiesław Hołobut and many others. The analysis of Polish achievements in the field of diagnosing and treatment of the ischaemic heart disease, starting from beginnings of the XIXth century, was performed. The authors also tried to recapitulate the achievements of the last 50 years in cardiological diagnostics, modern interventional cardiology, cardiac surgery along with transplantology and the scientific programmes concerning these issues. The examples of the greatest scientific achievements related to the circulatory system and to myocardial physiology and pathology over the period of recent decade were described.
Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych wśród pracowników służby zdrowia (lekarzy i pielęgniarek środowiskowo-rodzinnych). Badano opinię pracowników służby zdrowia o źródłach materiałów edukacyjnych o zdrowiu, potrzebach w zakresie tematów i form oraz zainteresowania pacjentów tymi materiałami.
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Higiena szkolna we Francji

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