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Our article investigates the response of the synthetic unit hydrographs (SUH) to parameter changes using sensitivity analysis. The beta and Weibull probability density functions and the objective function that includes both the peak discharge and time to peak were chosen to construct the SUHs for a small mountain catchment. The absolute and relative dependences between the distribution parameter changes and changes in the peak discharge and time to peak are measured using the sensitivity analysis methods which include both differential calculus and numerical computations. The Weibull SUH turned out to be more sensitive than the beta SUH when modeling the maximum discharge. The impacts of both parameters of the beta SUH and one parameter of the Weibull SUH on the time to peak are comparable, while the influence of the second parameter of the Weibull SUH is weaker. The results of validation showed good efficiency of the models and compatibility with Snyder’s model. They serve as an effective tool in assessing flood risk.
Negative energy balance (NEB) is a common pathological cause of ketosis. As the major organs of lipid metabolism, the liver and fat tissue take part in regulating lipid oxidative capacity and energy demands, which is also a key metabolic pathway that regulates NEB development during the perinatal period. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is a novel metabolic regulator involved in the control of fatty acid oxidation and lipid metabolism during a prolonged negative energy balance. Our study determined a correlation between serum FGF21 and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) levels in dairy cows with ketosis. We used sixty cows with low milk yield, abnormal glucose metabolism, and ketosis. Serum FGF21 and BHBA levels were measured using commercial kits. Serum FGF21 increased with increasing BHBA levels up to 1.6 mmol/L. At BHBA levels > 1.6 mmol/L, FGF21 decreased. Serum FGF21 levels were positively associated with BHBA levels, particularly in dairy cows with subclinical ketosis (r = 0.647, P < 0.01). At BHBA levels between 1.2 mmol/L and 1.6 mmol/L, FGF21 was more closely correlated with BHBA than with other metabolic parameters. At BHBA levels > 1.6 mmol/L, the association between FGF21 and BHBA was not significant. In conclusion, our results show that FGF21 was closely related with SK in cows. FGF21 may be a promising regulator in the prevention of subclinical ketosis.
Velocity fluctuations and turbulence of velocity in mountain rivers varys when the flow parameters change from free flow conditions to clogged cross-section. The first part of the paper is devoted to extending the description of turbulence intensity distribution in rough flow conditions. In the second part the effect of growth of ligneous water plants in the bed on turbulence intensity is presented.
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