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The distribution of the Turridae in the Pliocene of Catalonia (NE Spain) is heterogeneous. It appears to be determined to a greater extent by the particular autoecological traits of each species than by more general environmental factors. The area formed by the Pla de Barcelona and the Baix Llobregat may be regarded as a bio-geographical unit due to turrid species, which do not occur in other basins. The turrid distribution in the Alt Empordà basin manifests a high degree of environmental diversity among the different outcrops of the area, thus confirming the earlier provided taphonomic and biogeographic data. Species of the Turridae from Poble de Siurana (Alt Empordà) are also present in different parts of the Pla de Barcelona and Baix Llobregat areas. This indicates the existence of similar ecological enclaves in both basins, within a quite different general context.
The analysis of size changes (length of placoliths, their width, length of central opening and its width) in elliptical reticulofenestrids from the NP25–NN5 zonal interval of the Central Paratethys allowed to dicriminate two size categories of placoliths: (i) small Reticulofenestra minuta (< 3.5 μm); (ii) Reticulofenestra haqii–pseudoumbilicus group (4–10.0 μm). The latter group appeared for the first time (FO, first occurrence) in the upper Egerian (size 4–7 μm) with the size of placoliths in this plexus increasing gradually. The FO of R. pseudoumbilicus > 8.0 μm has been established in the Zone NN2 while its FCO (first common occurrence) in the Zone NN5. This study shows that the FOs of size−defined morphotypes of the R. haqii–pseudoumbilicus group differ in the Central Paratethys and oceanic realm. Blooms of R. minuta at the Oligocene–Miocene boundary and in the Early Middle Miocene may be correlated with the incoming of warm water into the higher latitude Central Paratethys basins during connection with the Mediterranean Sea. Transgression favored the expansion of near−shore areas associated probably by some short−time oscillations of salinity. The FO of R. haqii–pseudoumbilicus group and the FO of R. pseudoumbilicus > 8.0 μm can be correlated with the opening of new pathways between the Mediterranean and the Central Paratethys. Gradual size changes in the R. haqii–pseudoumbilicus group probably reflect climatic changes: the decrease of coccolith size in the late Egerian may reflect cooling (Mi1 event) while the increase in coccolith size in the interval from the FO of Helicosphaera ampliaperta to the FO of Sphenolithus heteromorphus occurred due to warming. Two size categories of placoliths in the R. haqii–pseudoumbilicus group (3.5–6 μm and 6–8 μm) recorded in the interval from Zone NN1 to the lower part of the Zone NN2 may represent seasonal populations.
The Spathian (late Early Triassic) Virgin Formation of south−western Utah (USA) yields a comparatively diverse benthic fauna that flourished ~2 Ma after the end−Permian mass extinction. In this study, we present quantitative palaeoecological data, which are analysed in the context of depositional environments. This integrated approach helps to discriminate between effects of the end−Permian mass extinction event and local environmental factors on alpha diversity and ecological structure of the Virgin Fauna. Shallow subtidal environments yield the highest species richness and lowest dominance val− ues as recorded in two benthic associations, the Eumorphotis ericiusAssociation and the Protogusarella smithi Association, both ofwhich contain 20 benthic species (bivalves, gastropods, brachiopods, echinoderms, and porifers). Tidal inlet deposits yield a low diverse fauna (Piarorhynchella triassica Association) with a very high dominance of filter feeders adapted to high energy conditions.Another comparably low diverse fauna is recorded by the Bakevellia exporrecta Association, which occurs in deposits of the offshore transition zone,most likely reflecting unconsolidated substrates. A single sample contain− ing five bivalve species (Bakevellia costata Assemblage) is recorded from a marginal−marine setting. The Virgin fauna yields a bulk diversity of 30 benthic species (22 genera) of body fossils and 14 ichnogenera and, thus, represents the most di− verse marine bottom fauna known so far from the Early Triassic. Our results suggest that oceanographic conditions during the early Spathian enabled ecosystems to rediversify without major abiotic limitations. However, taxonomical differentia− tion between habitats was still low, indicating a time lag between increasing within−habitat diversity (alpha diversity) and the onset of taxonomical differentiation between habitats (beta diversity). We suggest that taxonomical habitat differentia− tion after mass extinction events starts only when within−habitat competition exceeds a certain threshold, which was not yet reached in the Spathian of the investigated area. This interpretation is an alternative to previous suggestions that the preva− lence of generalistic taxa in the aftermath of mass extinction events reflects protracted environmental stress. The onset of in− creasing beta diversity is a potential criterion for distinguishing two major recovery phases, the first ending with habitat satu− ration and the second ending with the completion of ecosystem differentiation.
The distribution of fossil wood genera has been demonstrated to be an effective proxy for Mesozoic terrestrial climates. In this study, we investigated the phytocoenoses, which were associated with Xenoxylon confirmed to be a marker for a cool and/or wet climate in a boreal hemisphere (i.e., Xenoxylon-phytocoenoses) during the Mesozoic, using specimens of fossil wood. It was confirmed that Xenoxylon co-occurs more often with some wood genera than with others. For example, Protocedroxylon, a wood that is most likely related to the Pinaceae, is the genus most often associated with Xenoxylon-phytocoenoses. Although Taxodioxylon is also found in Xenoxylon-phytocoenoses, it is not found, however, as consistently as Protocedroxylon. The distribution and diversity of Xenoxylon-phytocoenoses changed throughout the Mesozoic. During the Late Triassic and Late Cretaceous, Xenoxylon-phytocoenoses had low diversity and were restricted to higher palaeolatitudes during the Late Cretaceous. However, during the Early to Middle Jurassic, Xenoxylon- phytocoenoses were distributed much farther south, while their diversity concomitantly increased sharply. From the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, the distribution of Xenoxylon-phytocoenoses moved northward in Europe and even more so in East Asia. The changes in the distribution of Xenoxylon-phytocoenoses are in agreement with changes in both global and regional climates. Our results also demonstrated that, within the Xenoxylon distribution range, the corresponding phytocoenoses were differentiated along a latitudinal gradient and according to the global climate change patterns during the Mesozoic.
Early late Viséan ammonoid assemblages in Morocco are composed of diverse and well-preserved specimens. The material was found in a plain in the Tafilalt (eastern Anti-Atlas). Here, we describe mass-occurrences of juvenile specimens, in which subadult and adult specimens occur in low numbers. The juveniles of some species display a conch morphology that differs fundamentally from the adult stages. Accordingly, we emend the species diagnoses of Goniatites lazarus as well as Calygirtyoceras darkaouaense, introduce the species Entogonites bucheri sp. nov., and discuss possible ecological implications of the morphologic changes throughout ontogeny. In particular, we compare the changes in conch morphology through ontogeny in the light of Pareto Optimiality according to which the morphology of organisms would fill a polygon or polyhedron in morphospace. Data points in one of the vorteces of the polyhedron indicate optimisation for the corresponding task. Although shape is not a proof of function, it appears plausible that juvenile conchs were selected rather for compactness while adult conchs were positively selected for conchs with improved hydrodynamic properties. This appears plausible because at small conch diameters, swimming movements will not suffice for effective translocation and a planktonic mode of life is likely.
Traces of burrowing organisms from Lower Muschelkalk carbonate sediments of the Holy Cross Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie) interpreted as burrow systems of enteropneusts, have been described. Morphological and palaeoecological analysis of Triassic forms based on the comparison with the burrows of Recent enteropneusts is given. The presence of many horizons with burrows of enteropneusts in the profiles of the Lower Muschelkalk deposits (Łukowa beds) and the lithological characters of these deposits seem to indicate that the sedimentation took place in a zone of the basin affected by the activity of tidal currents.
An isolated exopod in uncompressed three−dimensional “Orsten”−type preservation from the Cambrian of Australia represents a new species of Marrellomorpha, Austromarrella klausmuelleri gen. et sp. nov. The exopod is composed of at least 17 annuli. Each of the proximal annuli carries a pair of lamellae: one lamella on the lateral side and one on the median side. The distal annuli bear stout spines in the corresponding position instead of lamellae, most likely representing early ontogenetic equivalents of the lamellae. The new find extends the geographical range of the taxon Marrellomorpha. Additionally, it offers a partial view into marrellomorph ontogeny. The occurrence of a marrellomorph fragment in “Orsten”−type preservation provides new palaeo−ecological insights into the possible connections between the “Orsten” biotas and other fossil Lagerstätten. Finding such connections is necessary for understanding the complex ecosystems of early Palaeozoic times.
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