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Human body is a complex system that is affected by a significant number of microscopic organisms called the microbiomes. The dynamic development of science has led to innovative discoveries in the field of microbiology. This in turn has extracted new field, metagenomics, thanks to which it became possible to perform detailed analysis of individual groups of bacteria and to determine their effects on preserving a good health. One of the biggest scientific projects that would investigate the influence of microbiomes on humans is HMP (Human Microbiome Project). As part of it the research is being conducted leading to characterize human microbiome at the level of nucleotide sequence of the entire genomic DNA. The microflora of the skin, oral cavity, respiratory tract, digestive tract (intestines), genitourinary system has an essential role in the homeostasis. In the last year the carried research proved that it is a vital part of the human organism in preserving a good health. Any changes in its composition may lead to systemic diseases. Pathological changes affect the outcome of the interaction within the microflora that includes species of commensal and pathogenic bacteria, as well as immunology and genetics of the host. Metagenomics research will contribute not only to the recognition of new, so far unidentified by the bacteriological methods microorganisms, but most of all they will serve as a basis to understand the relationships between the human organism and in-dwelling microorganisms. Thanks to the development of the metagenomics or the NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) it will be possible to discover new metabolic pathways and bidirectional links of bacteria with human metabolism. This will help in finding new therapeutic methods in the treatment of many noninfectious diseases so far considered as civilization diseases or genetically conditioned.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a novel method widely used in animal science and veterinary research. This technique revolutionized molecular biology and animal genetics research. The unquestionable advantage of NGS is an almost unlimited insight into genetic information. This review discusses the most important applications and achievements in poultry genomics available due to detailed sequence information. Here we present the development of sequencing methods and their further applications in poultry research. The chicken is an important livestock species and a model organism. It is the first non-mammalian amniote whose genome was sequenced by the International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium. Therefore, analysis of the chicken genome as a model organism and comparative analysis of genome reference plays an important role in current research. The detailed knowledge of the chicken genome position of genes associated with most important phenotypic traits will contribute to the development of molecular methods for the selection of animals.
Constructed wetlands are eco-friendly, cost-effective technology involved in treatment of wastewaters. The goal of this study is focused on characterization of microbial community existing in a constructed wetland system planted with Cyperus alternifolius treating sewage contaminated with heavy metals. The characteristics of effluent met the standards of discharge for inland use and irrigation. Microbes in constructed wetland apparently play a pivotal role in the efficiency of system for removal of organics, nutrients, suspended solids and heavy metal. To expose the active players in the lime light, a representative soil sample from the reed bed was collected and characterized for microbial community analysis. Metagenomic studies of the bacterial and fungal flora were identified. Results revealed that the phylum Proteobacteria (38.27%) and Ascomycota (77.47%) dominated in the bacterial and fungal kingdom respectively. However, in the bacterial kingdom at species level major portion remain unclassified except Pseudomonas alcaligenes but in the fungal kingdom at species level only 3.1% remain unclassified. The role of bacteria in wastewater treatment is exemplified in previous reports but the role of fungi in the wastewater system needs exploration. However, the findings reveal that the identified microbes might have definitely played a vital role in wastewater treatment. The database available for the identification of bacterial species remain undiscovered for a major portion and requires upgradation. Next generation sequence being a high-end technology in microbial ecology decodes the entire community in environmental samples but lack of database limits the identification. Implementation of improvements in the paucity of databases is essential.
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