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Life tables for two populations of the common dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius (Linnaeus, 1758) are presented. The mortality rates qx of the common dormouse appeared to be relatively constant and did not follow a typically mammalian "U" shaped curve with age. Mortality rates increased evenly with age both in females and males, in both populations, whereas a decrease in qx was observed only among males in their third year of life. Specific characteristics of the qx curve for the common dormouse include the relative longevity of this small rodent, and rather constant mortality during hibernation in all years of life.
Survival and hazard functions supply suitable information concerning changes in the population dynamics, especially in the case of species that are not subjected to artificial selection. One of such species is David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edwards, 1866) that underwent a dramatic reduction in the population size in the first years of the XX century, but has been subsequently restored from 18 individuals.Population dynamics changes were studied on 1221 David’s deers kept in zoological gardens in the years 1947-2001. Survival and hazard functions were constructed for all individuals according to sex, and separately for those which died in the first year of life, i.e. 14.5% males and 8% females.The hazard function showed similar values for individuals of both sexes in the year 6, 10, 15, 17 and 18 of life. For all males the medians for mortality (hazard function) appeared similar to those for all females. Similar pattern was shown for yearlings. However, between day 40 and 323 shapes of these functions were quite different. Generally, the life span in females was found longer than in males.
Why do some animals weigh a fraction of a milligram and others many tons? Why do some animals mature after a few days and others need several years? Why do some animals grow and then reproduce without growing, while others continue growing after maturation? Why are growth curves so often well-approximated by von Bertalanffy’s equation? Why do some animals produce myriads of tiny eggs and others produce only a few large offspring? Evolution of life histories is driven basically by the size-dependences of three parameters: the resource acquisition rate, metabolic rate and mortality risk. The combinations of size-dependences of this trio produce a plethora of locally optimal life histories, and even more sub-optimal strategies which must coexist with optimal ones in the real world. Additionally, selection forces differ depending on whether a population stays most of the time at equilibrium or in an expansion phase. Life history evolution cannot be understood without mathematical modelling, and optimization of life-time resource allocation is a powerful approach to that, though not the only one. Modelling outcomes from studies based on resource allocation optimization are presented here mainly as graphs.
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