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Background. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) belong to group of so-called persistent organic pollutants (POPs). These compounds occur in nearly all elements of the environment, including household dust which constitutes one of a major route for human exposure. Their main adverse effects on human health are associated mainly with endocrine disruption – they interfere with thyroid function exhibit anti-androgenic action. Objectives. To develop and validate analytical method for determination of BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153, and BDE-209 congeners in household dust. Material and methods. Household dust was sampled in residences from Warsaw and the surrounding areas. An automated Soxhlet extraction of samples was then performed and PBDE congeners were subsequently measured in cleaned-up extracts by GC-μECD. The identity of quantified compounds was confirmed by GC/MS. Results. Household dust samples were fortified at levels of 2.88, and 28.8 ng g-1 for BDE-47, BDE-999, and BDE-153, and for BDE-209 at levels of 101.2, and 540 ng g-1. Recoveries ranged between 72 – 106%. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 16% for all PBDE congeners analysed. The relative error determined on the basis of multiple analyses of certified reference material ranged from 1.07 – 20.41%. The method’s relative expanded uncertainty varied between 16 – 21%. Conclusion. The presented method was successfully validated and can be used to measure concentrations of BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153 and BDE-209 congeners in household dust.
A method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) in milk using the HPLC technique with UV detection (324 nm, vitamin A) and fluorescent detection (Ex295 nm/Em350 nm, vitamin E) was validated. A reverse phase LiChroCART™ 250-4 Superspher™ 100 RP-18 column was used for chromatographic separation. A mixture of methanol and H2O (96.5:3.5 v/v) was used as the eluent (1 mL/min). The analyses were performed after spectrophotometric standardization of standard ethanol solutions, and the results were corrected by recovery. The residual coefficients of variation for the regression equation y=ax were 4.7% (vitamin A) and 8.3% (vitamin E), with r2 > 0.998 (for both vitamins). The limit of quantitation was 0.02 μg/mL and 0.3 μg/mL, repeatability and reproducibility 14% and 12.5%, and uncertainty of the method 20.7% and 18.8% for vitamins A and E, respectively. Vitamin recovery from milk was 51.6-75.1% (vitamin A) and 70.1-87.8% (vitamin E). The results of the reference material analyses (CRM 421, SRM 2383) concur with the certified reference values. The analytical method described is precise, accurate, fast and inexpensive.
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