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Resistance in the hematophagous arthropods - problem on the rise. I. Resistance mechanisms to insecticides. Hematophagous arthropods are pesky but can also be very dangerous to human health due to their ability to act as vectors to many viral, bacterial or parasite-related diseases. The common application of chemicals to control pests leaded to the increasing resistance to pesticides among both insects and ticks. The causes underlying the appearance of the resistance and the mechanisms involved are presented in this article. The description of mechanisms is presented starting from decreased penetration of the pesticide, to an increase in metabolism of pesticide, to the reduced sensitivity of the pesticide's target.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
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2010
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tom 66
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nr 07
s.449-452,tab.,bibliogr.
A phenomenon parallel to the spread of resistant strains is the emergence of new resistance mechanisms which are difficult to control. The aim of this article is to present selected mechanisms of resistance of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens present in human and animal environment. Natural resistance of bacteria is their permanent characteristic resulting from the biology of the given micro-organism, which prevents an antibiotic from penetrating into the bacterial cell. What is more important in practice is the acquired resistance. Bacteria develop resistance by acquiring genes encoding proteins that protect them from the effects of the antibiotic. In some cases the genes arise by mutation; in others, they are acquired from other bacteria that are already resistant to the antibiotic. These genes are often found on circular DNA fragments (plasmids) which spread easily from one bacterium to another, even from one species of bacterium to another.
The definition of antibiotics and disinfectants (biocides) has been presented. Pre-existence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria was mentioned. The ability of bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance was characterized. Different mechanisms by which a bacterial population can develop resistance to one antibiotic and simultaneously to several antibiotics have been defined. It was stressed that the most frequent mechanism responsible for the acquisition of antibiotic resistance by a bacterial cell is the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between a resistant bacterial strain and a susceptible one. Remarks concerning the selection of resistant bacteria against one or more antibiotics simultaneously were given. It was concluded that prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine should be obligatory, because reducing the use of these drugs is very important in controlling antibiotic resistance in bacteria, including pathogens. In the second part of the paper the resistance of bacteria to disinfectants was described. It was demonstrated that the mechanisms of bacterial resistance between antibiotics and disinfectants differ: however, similarities also exist. As in case of disinfectants, prudent use was also advised.
Mycoplasma bovis is the smallest known bacterium that does not have a cell wall. It is therefore resistant to some antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of the cell structure. Little is known about the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in M. bovis, since it has no plasmids and there are insufficient data about the role of the biofilm formation by these bacteria. Previous studies have shown that the development of antibiotic resistance is due to gene mutations. Antibiotics generally considered as effective against M. bovis infection are macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol. Several recent studies, however, indicate that the efficacy of tetracyclines, macrolides, and lincosamides has diminished. Increased resistance to erythromycin, spectinomycin, and tilmicosin, antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of M. bovis infections, has also been reported. Among field strains of M. bovis no resistance or rare resistance has only been observed for enrofloxacin, florfenicol, tylosin, and tulathromycin. Considering the rapidly growing antibiotic resistance of the isolated strains of M. bovis, it is necessary to search for alternative compounds that could effectively inhibit these bacteria.
Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman is the most serious parasitic pest attacking honey bees (Apis mellifera) all over the world, causing severe weakening or even death of colonies if left uncontrolled. Resistance to acaricides is a very important problem in the control of the mite. The aim of this review was to present causes influencing the selection of acaricide-resistant strains and also strategies that can be useful for efficient treatment.
Shortly after the introduction of fluoroquinolones into human and animal therapy an acquired resistance to these compounds was described in many bacterial species. The primary type of the resistance generally involves multiple point mutations in the genes encoding the quinolone target enzymes: gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC and parE). The frequency of occurrence of Salmonella strains conferring quinolone resistance has recently increased significantly. Moreover, novel plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms that can spread horizontally were reported. These include the production of enzyme protecting peptides encoded by several alleles of qnr gene (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qnrD) and their variants, quinolone efflux pump (qep), and finally ciprofloxacin modification by a variant of aminoglycoside acethyltransferase (aac(6’)-Ib-cr). The paper presents the background of resistance mechanisms as well as the occurrence and global spread of quinolone resistant Salmonella.
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