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The paper reviews on the characteristic of mast cells and their role in innate and adaptive immunity, also in antibacterial, antiviral and antiparasitic response and allergic and autoimmunological reactions. Moreover, the cooperation of mast cells with dendritic cells, lymphocytes T and B has been discussed.
Nowadays, it is known that mast cells, numerously appearing in all organs and being a source of a wide range of mediators and cytokines, are involved both in physiological and pathological processes. The aim of our study was to examine whether vaginal bacteria, especially those participating in Bacterial vaginosis, are able to activate mast cells to mediators secretion. The study was done on rat peritoneal mast cells. The mast cells were incubated in vitro with suspensions ot Bacteroides capillosus, Actinomyces naeslundii (2 strains), Peptostreptococcus spp., Lactobacillus fermentum (2 strains), Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum killed by temperature. Activation of mast cells was estimated on the basis of histamine release. It was established that M. hominis, U. urealyticum and B. capillosus strongly stimulated rat mast cells to histamine secretion (histamine release 53,0%, 17.4% and 10.0%, respectively). Histamine release induced by Peptostreptacoccus spp., A. naeslundii und L. fermentum was lower (at a range of 2.4%-8.2%). The obtained results can suggest that presumably interactions between vaginal bacteria and placental mast cells could influence the course of pregnancy.
Inhibition of HIV virions release from infected cell by tetherin may find application in AIDS therapy. Is polyomavirus an etiologic agent in human Merkel cell skin carcinoma? Viral and bacterial interactions in living tissues are more complicated than in sterile cell lines used as models. Inhibition of severe and fatal outbreaks of feline calicivirus infections by antisense morpholino oligomer. Hitherto unknown important role of mast cells in immunity and pathogenesis. Participation of complement in some diseases and search for complement-targeted therapeutics.
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Cytokines regulate development, differentiation and expression of effector function of the immune system. The profile of immune reactions depends on cytokine contents at the recognition of parasite. However, parasites themselves can modify immunological events and favourite these, which allow them to survive. The host immune defence can be transformed into the chronic reaction. Inflammatory reactions result from the recruitment of different cells, to the site where worms are localised. The eosinophil and mast cell migration preferentially is induced. These cells play also a major role in immediate allergic responses. Mast cells can bind allergenspecific IgE to their RcεRI, the high affinity receptor for IgE. Eosinophils, through their receptors for IgGl, IgG2, IgA and IgE are mainly involved in the cytotoxic reaction directed against parasites. Crosslinking of these receptors by antigen binding will lead to subsequent release of stored mediators and cytokines. Granular materials released from mast cell accelerate inflammatory reaction and in the case of intestinal worm parasites may be involved in the expulsion phenomenon. However these cells may also induce Th2 related immunological response because they produce and release of IL-4. Eosinophils are required into the tissue and release cytotoxic and stress proteins including reactive oxygen species. Parasites are destroyed but accelerated reaction results in the destruction of host proteins and cells. Antibodies, cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules are essential for elevation of defence against parasites. The role of cytokines, emphasizing IL-5, and function of eosinophils, mast cells and IgE are discussed in terms of induction and effector mechanisms during parasite infections.
In the course of experimental hymenolepidosis in rats, varying mobilization of mastocytes, dependent on the organ of their origin, was observed. The highest was in the small intestine, lower in the mesenterial lymph nodes and the spleen. Various degree of correlation between the mastocyte mobilization and the histopathological changes was stated.
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