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1

The content of lead in soils of allotment gardens in Zielona Gora, Poland

100%

Walczak B., Kostecki J., Wasylewicz R., Lassota T., Greinert A., Drab M.

Polish Journal of Soil Science

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2015

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tom 48

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nr 1

Lead, as a heavy metal, is harmful to living organisms (both plants and animals) and it is relatively mobile in the environment. In this article we present the results of the monitoring of the lead content in local allotment gardens (Zielona Góra, Poland). We examined both the total and the phytoavailable form. Soil samples were collected in eight places in the allotment gardens, and two places in the neighbourhood of the allotment gardens. The lead content in the soil met the Polish soil ground standards (Regulation by the Minister of the Environment of 9.09.2002). The total content of lead varied from 21 to 39 mg kg⁻¹, (12–14 mg kg⁻¹ at reference point) and the form potentially available for plants from 10 to 19 mg kg⁻¹ (6–7 mg kg⁻¹ at reference point). The content of lead does not exceed the threshold values according to Polish law.

2

The lead and cadmium content in edible parts of vegetables sold in the area of city of Poznan

100%

Bosiacki M.

Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu. Ogrodnictwo

|

2007

|

tom 41

427-432

3

Lead content of bees, brood and bee products from different regions of Poland

100%

Madras-Majewska B., Jasinski Z.

Journal of Apicultural Science

|

2003

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tom 47

|

nr 2

4

Contents of copper, chromium, nickel, lead, and zinc in hair and skin of farm foxes

84%

Filistowicz A., Przysiecki P., Nowicki S., Filistowicz A., Durkalec M.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

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2012

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tom 21

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nr 4

The content of trace elements (Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in hair and skin of silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) and arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) were determined. The content of elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Samples of animal hair and skin were collected from two farms located in mid-western Poland: farm A, situated in a rural area and farm B, situated in a typically urbanized and industrial region. The influence of farm location on the concentration of Cr, Cu, and Zn in fur coat, and Cr and Ni in skin was observed.

5

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Contents of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Fe in rainwater effluents discharged to surface waters in the city of Poznan

84%

Szpakowska B., Swierk D., Goldyn R., Baralkiewicz D.

Journal of Elementology

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2014

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tom 19

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nr 3

Progressing urbanization results in the potential increase of pollution sources such as wastes, industrial or municipal sewage, which may contain hazardous inorganic pollutants such as e.g. metal ions and their compounds. Urbanization has a negative effect also on soil, as a consequence of an increasing share of impermeable surfaces such as pavements, parking lots, housing developments and public buildings. The area of a hardened (impermeable) surface is exposed to intensive surface runoff during rain and as a result pollutants are transported through the storm drainage system directly to surface waters. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of metals contained in rainwater discharged from subcatchments of various land use types on the quality of surface waters (the Cybina River and the Antoninek reservoir) in the city of Poznań, as well as investigate whether metal contents in rainwater effluents depend on the relief and character of the immediate catchment. Investigations were conducted in 2009 along the lower section of the Cybina River. Water samples from the river and reservoir were collected each time when collecting rain water samples. Water and sewage samples were collected 15 times within a year. Analyses were conducted on 5 selected catchments (with different land uses) drained by storm water drainage system discharged to the Cybina River and the Antoninek reservoir. Water was collected from 13 sampling points (5 of which were sewer outfalls and 8 were situated on the river or the reservoir above and below the sewage discharge). Higher concentrations of all tested elements were recorded in rainwater in comparison to the water samples coming from the river or the reservoir. Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) model presenting differences between water concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Fe and environmental variables (rainfall intensity measured in a four-point scale, location as divided into industrial areas multi- and single-family housing as well as location of sewage discharge to the river on the reservoir) showed elevated concentrations of these elements especially in water collected directly from the storm water sewer. Elevated metal concentrations in storm system effluents did not have a significant effect on the content of these pollutants in the river or the reservoir. It could have been caused by the intensive immobilization of elemental ions in bottom deposits followed by the metal uptake by aquatic organisms, mainly plants.

6

Trends in lead and cadmium content in soils adjacent to European highway E30

84%

Deska J., Bombik A., Marciniuk-Kluska A., Rymuza K.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

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2011

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tom 20

|

nr 2

Results of lead and cadmium contents in soil adjacent to European highway E30 in the East of Poland were presented in the study. Soil samples were collected at three distances: 0, 50, and 100 m from the track, and at two depths: 5-15 cm and 35-45 cm. Soil pH, content of silt and clay particles, organic matter content, types of underlaying rock and land use methods were tested. The total contents of lead and cadmium were analyzed by AAS method. Lead content ranged from 9.70 mg・kg⁻¹ to 155.75 mg・kg⁻¹ of dry matter (on average 103.38 mg・kg⁻¹) in the strip directly adjacent to the roadside. The values were significantly larger than those from further distances. The lead content in soils beyond the road strip did not exceed the limit value of 100 mg・kg⁻¹ in soil used for farming purposes. The cadmium content, however, ranged from 0.016 to 0.909 mg・kg⁻¹, and it did not significantly depended on the distance from the road. The largest cadmium content, significantly different from others, in soils located to the east of the industrial district of Siedlce was proved, but the content did not exceed the limit of 1 mg・kg⁻¹ in soil of agricultural area. The study was a part of complex research concerning the environmental monitoring that was conducted by co-authors of the paper.

7

Lead and cadmium content in human hair in Central Pomerania [Northern Poland]

84%

Trojanowski P., Trojanowski J., Antonowicz J., Bokiniec M.

Journal of Elementology

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2010

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tom 15

|

nr 2

363-384

Samples of hair collected in 2004-2007 from 416 persons living in Central Pomerania were analyzed. The subjects donating hair represented a vast spectrum of age, from a tenmonth- old child to a 75-year-old person. The subjects were selected randomly. Lead and cadmium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using an ASA-3 spectrometer. The average content of the metals in the hair samples was 3.20 μg g–1 (Pb) and 0.284 μg g–1 (Cd). The highest concentration of lead in human hair (about 3.88 μg g–1) was determined for the age group 61-75 years, and that of cadmium (0.406 μg g–1) – for the age group 26-50 years. The lowest concentrations of these metals in human hair (2.07 and 0.152 μg g–1, respectively) were determined for the age group of 0-15 years. Most hair samples (50%) contained 2.01-4.00 μg g–1 Pb, while 45% of the samples contained 0.001- -0.300 μg g–1 of cadmium. Studying the dependence of the content of lead and cadmium in hair on the gender of subjects, it was discovered that in all age groups males had more lead and cadmium (3.79 and 0.334 μg g–1, respectively) than females (2.63 μg g–1 and 0.236 μg g–1). This study has also demonstrated that the environment affects the content of the analyzed metals in hair. The average value of lead and cadmium concentrations for people living in the country were 2.39 μg g–1 for Pb and 0.214 μg g–1 for Cd, while for the people living in towns and cities, the respective values were 4.17 and 0.361 μg g–1. The present study has demonstrated how nutrition affects lead and cadmium content in human hair. Among the subjects, 17% had been on some kind of a diet, predominatly easily digestible and light foods. The lowest content of these metals (on average, 2.08 μg g–1 Pb and 0.141 μg g–1 Cd) was found in hair of people on a diet, while the hiest levels (3.54 μg g–1 Pb and 0.315 μg g–1 Cd) were determined in people who did not limit consumption of meat and dairy products. Among the analyzed population, 241 persons suffered from chronic disease. The average content of lead and cadmium in hair of healthy subjects was 3.05 μg g–1 Pb and 0.257 μg g–1 Cd, but in patients suffering from arthrosclerosis, allergy and hyperplasia prostate the levels of lead and cadmium in hair reached the upper values of the se limits. Hair of the patients who suffered from cardiovascular disease showed deificiency of these metals (on average, 1.73 μg g–1 Pb and 0.182 μg g–1 Cd).

8

Variations in the zinc and lead content in surface layers of urban soils in Kielce (Poland) with regard to land use

84%

Swiercz A., Smorzewska E.

Journal of Elementology

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2015

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tom 20

|

nr 2

The article presents an overview of the results of a study concerning the zinc and lead content in urban soils of Kielce with regard to different land use. 61 topsoil samples were collected in the industrial areas (I), urban green areas (Z), urban allotment gardens (O), as well as parks and forests (P). The maximum values for zinc and lead were observed in the industrial zone, i.e. 181.3 mg kg-1 and 112.6 mg kg-1, respectively; whereas the average content in the soils of Kielce oscillates at the level of 134.2 mg kg-1 for zinc and 92.85 mg kg-1 for lead. Geochemical indices, such as the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF) and accumulation index (AI) indicated that areas located in close proximity to the main roads of the city, especially in the city centre and the former industrial estate called Białogon, are characterised by the highest concentration of the analysed heavy metals. Generally, the enrichment of soils in zinc and lead decreases further from the city centre. In most cases, the content of the analysed heavy metals in surface layers of urban soils considerably exceeded values considered as geochemical background and valid legal norms of the Ordinance of the Minister of Environment on soil quality standards and land quality standards (Journal of Laws of 2002, No. 165, item 1359). The exceeded values of the analysed metals are caused mainly by deposition of contamination from car exhaust emissions and broadly defined industry.

9

Content of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the liver and kidneys of silver foxes [Vulpes vulpes] in relation to age and reproduction disorders

84%

Cybulski W., Chalabis-Mazurek A., Jakubczak A., Jarosz L., Kostro K., Kursa K.

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy

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2009

|

tom 53

|

nr 1

65-69

Lead, cadmium, and mercury were estimated in the liver and kidneys of 30 silver foxes from one fur fox farm. The animals were divided into three groups according to their age and developing reproduction disorders. Cd and Pb were determined by GFAAS with Zeeman correction, whereas Hg by cold vapour technique. Serum levels for Hg and Cd were below minimum detection limit of the method, while Pb accounted x(n=30)=0.149±0.1145 µg mL⁻¹. The liver and kidneys contained: 0.378±0.2002 and 0.274±0.1006 µg g⁻¹ of Pb (wet weights); 0.253±0.2836 and 0.288±0.1656 µg g⁻¹ of Cd, and 0.257±0.3403 and 0.600±1.1112 µg g⁻¹ of Hg, respectively. Coefficients of variation, CV%(n=30)) from 11.3% to 304.9% were recorded. Pb content in the serum and liver increased with age; however, that trend was not observed in the case of Cd and Hg. The data within every groups were characterised by wide statistical dispersion; Hg level differed in three magnitude order. The means significantly differed from medians, the most for Hg in kidneys; x(n=10)=0.871±l .4952 µg g⁻¹ versus µ1/2=0.0220 µg g⁻¹ in group of one-year-old foxes. The highest contents found in the individual animals, Hg>3.4 µg g⁻¹ in the liver and kidneys or Cd>l µg g⁻¹ in the liver, were considered toxic for health status of the flock, reproductive disorders including.

10

Cadmium, lead, zinc and copper contents in selected vegetables and fruit from garden allotments of the south-western Poland

84%

Figurska-Ciura D., Lozna K., Styczynska M.

Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences

|

2007

|

tom 57

|

nr 4[A]

137-143

The contents of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper were determined in 64 samples of produce (19 strawberries, 16 tops of parsley, 16 dills, 13 lettuces). The produce was gathered directly from home-gardens located near Opole, Wroclaw, Legnica and Jastrzebie Zdroj. The content of cadmium found was within the limits 0.0027–0.663 mg/kg. The contents exceeding the allowable value were found in three samples of dill. The determined quantity of lead ranged from 0.0047 mg/kg to 0.588 mg/kg and the exceeding of allowable contents was found in two dill samples, two lettuce samples and one parsley (greens). The level of zinc contents was between 0.716–34.76 mg/kg. In fourteen samples (3 parsley, 2 lettuces and 9 dills) the limits established before 2004 were exceeded.The contents of copper in produce was within 0.342–17.03 mg/kg. In seven samples (3 parsley and 4 dills) the allowable quantity of Cu established before 2001 was exceeded. The highest amount of cadmium and copper was determined in samples taken near Jastrzebie Zdroj, while the largest quantity of lead and zinc was found in the produce collected in Legnica. The relatively smallest quantities of metals were found in the samples collected near Opole. A comparison of collected data with those available in the literature shows that the recorded level of contamination of the tested produce with heavy metals is close to levels determined for other industrial regions of the country but higher than the world’s standards.

11

Dietary habits and the content of lead and cadmium in the blood of patients with brain aneurysms

84%

Socha K., Borawska M. H., Mariak Z., Kochanowicz J., Markiewicz R., Baclawek E.

Żywienie Człowieka i Metabolizm

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2009

|

tom 36

|

nr 2

461-467

The aim of this study was to determine blood levels of lead and cadmium in patients with brain aneurysms. We also estimated the influence of dietary habits on the lead and cadmium status in examined patients. The level of lead in the blood of patients with cerebral aneurysms is higher than in healthy people; and frequent consumption of jam, boiled vegetables and beverages has the greatest influence of lead content in the blood of examined patients. The level of cadmium in the blood of patients with cerebral aneurysms is similar to the control group; and the frequent consumption of raw and boiled vegetables, calces and flour products, and bacon and meat products has the greatest influence of cadmium content in the blood of patients.

12

Lead and cadmium content in the meat tissues of fish from water ecosystems in the vicinity of a pesticide tomb

84%

Skibniewska K. A., Guziur J., Marzec Z., Zareba S., Grzybowski M., Szarek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2008

|

tom 37

|

nr 3

79-86

13

Assessment of infant exposure to lead and cadmium content in infant formulas

84%

Winiarska-Mieczan A.

Journal of Elementology

|

2009

|

tom 14

|

nr 3

573-581

Infants and little children are the highest risk group as far as the exposition to toxic metals is concerned. Newly born babies do not have effectively functioning regulatory mechanisms and the absorption of mineral elements, including toxic ones, is higher than in older children and adults. Separate, more rigorous requirements have been determined for food products for infant nutrition. Special attention is required in the case of toxic metals, including lead and cadmium, which are regarded as particularly harmful to the organism. The objective of the present work was to establish the content of lead and cadmium in powdered milk used in the nutrition of infants in the first months of their lives. Moreover, on the basis of surveys, the popularity of using milk replacement formulas was determined, as well as factors affecting this situation. All the examined preparations were labelled as “a special nutrition product”. They had been purchased in different groceries in Lublin in October 2007, all before their use-by date. The shares of Pb and Cd were marked in the samples. It was demonstrated that only two preparations did not comply with the recommendations regarding the content of cadmium, while in the other samples the maximum value was not exceeded. It was also noted that the analysed preparations were not safe for babies as far as the content of lead was concerned. At the same time, it was observed that as many as 87% babies were breast-fed, which is a positive phenomenon, whereas 40% women used combined nutrition for their children (breast feeding alternately with powdered milk). The choice of a particular preparation resulted in the first place from the doctor’s recommendations, and next from babies’ preferences and friends’ opinions.

14

Contents of cadmium and lead in liver, kidneys and blood of the European hare [Lepus europaeus Pallas 1778] in Malopolska

84%

Wajdzik M.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Silvarum Colendarum Ratio et Industria Lignaria

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2006

|

tom 05

|

nr 2

15

Contents of zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, and iron in Western Pomeranian lakes

84%

Kubiak J., Torz A., Nedzarek A.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Piscaria

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2003

|

tom 02

|

nr 2

16

Copper, zinc, manganese, lead and cadmium in plants of Gardno Lake

84%

Trojanowski P., Trojanowski J., Parzych A.

Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska

|

2005

|

tom 31

|

nr 4

17

Lead stress effect on regeneration of sunflower roots in hydroponical nutrient solution and in vitro culture

84%

Strubinska J., Sniezko R.

Polish Journal of Natural Sciences. Supplement

|

2003

|

tom 01

18

Ocena zawartosci olowiu i kadmu w platkach sniadaniowych dostepnych w handlu

67%

Orzel D., Styczynska M.

Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna

|

2008

|

tom 41

|

nr 1

41-45

Oznaczono zawartości ołowiu i kadmu w płatkach śniadaniowych zakupionych we wrocławskich supermarketach metoda˛ płomieniowej absorpcyjnej spektrometrii atomowej (AAS).Średnie zawartości ołowiu w badanych płatkach kukurydzianych i pszennych wynosiły od 0,028 do 0,082 mg/kg, kadmu – od 0,007 mg/kg do 0,021 mg/kg. Nie stwierdzono przekroczenia dopuszczalnych zawartości ołowiu i kadmu w płatkach śniadaniowych. Wyjątek stanowiła jedna próbka płatków kadmu była wyższa od dopuszczalnej zawartości o 16%.

19

Porównanie wyników oznaczania zawartości ołowiu w pastach do zębów metodą ditizonową i polarograficzną

67%

Przybylski E., Legatowa B.

Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny

|

1956

|

tom 07

|

nr 4

20

Phytoextraction of cadmium and lead by selected cultivars of Tagetes erecta L. Part II. Contents of Cd and Pb in plants

67%

Bosiacki M.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus

|

2009

|

tom 08

|

nr 2

In the Department of Plant Fertilization, University of Life Sciences in Poznań, a vegetation experiment (in plastic tunnel) was carried out in which the substrate was artificially contaminated with cadmium and lead and three cultivars of Tagetes erecta L. were planted in it: ‘Mann im Mond’, ‘Hawaii’ and ‘Titania’. The substrate was artificially contaminated with increasing doses of metals: Cd – 0 (control); 1; 5; 10 mg dm⁻³; Pb: 0 (control); 100; 500; 1000 mg dm⁻³. The objective of studies was to investigate which organs of Tagetes erecta L. cumulated the greatest amounts of cadmium and lead, what amounts of Cd and Pb move from the substrate to the organs of the studied cultivars and whether the studied cultivars of Marigold are suitable for the remediation of soils polluted with cadmium and lead. The metals contained in the particular plant organs, after dry mineralization, were identified by the method of atomic spectrophotometer AAS-3 of Zeiss Company. In all studied cultivars, the highest contents of cadmium were found in leaves, smaller amounts were shown in stalks, while inflorescences contained the smallest Cd amounts. The highest amounts of lead in all studied cultivars were found in the stalks, smaller amounts in the leaves and the least amount was shown in the inflorescences The greatest contents of cadmium and lead were found in the organs of ‘Hawaii’ cultivar, both in the leaves, stalks and inflorescences. The studied cultivars of Tagetes erecta can be utilized for the remediation of soils polluted by heavy metals.

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