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Kisspeptin is a newly-discovered neurohormone, which is secreted from the hypothalamus. Initially it was thought that kisspeptin takes part in metastasis suppression. However, nowadays it is known that this hormone plays an essential role in the modulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. It has been demonstrated that mutation in the gene encoding kisspeptin’s receptor causes hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and infertility in animals and humans. It is well established that kisspeptin may directly stimulate hypothalamic neurons. In addition, this neurohormone directly affects the pituitary and gonads. In the current review the authors sum up all information about different ways of direct and indirect effects of kisspeptin on reproductive processes and also present a novel insight into the mechanism responsible for the feedback loop of estrogen and androgen in mammals.
Mammalian reproduction is the most energy-consuming biological process. However, chronic dietary energy deficits, as well as energy surpluses can impair reproductive capacity, including the ability to produce viable gametes, and interrupt pregnancy or lactation. Thus, there is no doubt that the mechanisms controlling energy balance are integrated with those that control reproduction. There is functional evidence for a crucial connection between those mechanisms in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells of the hypothalamus, which are part of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Recent research has shown that the multiple hypothalamic peptidergic systems responsible for the homeostatic control of energy balance are involved in signaling to GnRH neurons. This group includes neuropeptyd Y (NPY), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), as well as periphery factors, such as leptin, ghrelin and insulin. However, the discovery of kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) sheds a new light on mechanisms by which reproductive activity is regulated, also in the context of diurnal and annual photoperiod-driven cycles of mammals’ energy requirements. Thus, it seems clear that those two peptides are very important in linking the processes of energy balance maintenance and reproduction.
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