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Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is one of the methods used for the analysis of the starch structure. In this manner, involving changes in electron density structure of starch becomes available. By variation of the media in which starch is suspended wider differentiation of starch structure is possible. Usually such studies are carried out in water. In this paper the SAXS method was successfully used for investigation of starch structure in such media as water, methanol, 1 M solution of HCl, 1 M solution of NaCl, and 0.1 M solution of I2 in KI. Analysis of SAXS curves for those suspensions proved some differences in curve pattern. Especially interesting data were obtained from a comparison of SAXS curves for starch suspensions in 1 M HCl and 1 M NaCl. Effective scattering of starch suspension in 1 M HCl in the initial part of the curve, as compared to the 1 M NaCl case, indicates that the diffusion of СГ ions to various regions of the starch structures depends, among other things, on the pH of the solution. These results demonstrated that the SAXS method could be used for identification of the starch structures to which specific media diffuse and, therefore, for investigating the impact of various factors on this diffusion.
Investigations were carried out into the capacity of waste brewery yeast Saccharomyces uvarum for biosorption of magnesium originated from a solution of dehydrated salt of magnesium chloride, depending on the number of cells and diferent pH of the suspension during 6 hours. The concentration of MgCl2·6H2O in the solution was adjusted so as to maintain a stable content of magnesium as expressed per pure element, i.e. 1.25 g/dm3 of solution. In the first stage, the number of cells was differentiated in yeast slurry through either condensation or dilution. In the second stage, pH of yeast suspension was differentiated (pH 5.5, 6.0 and 7.0) at a constant number of cells. The solutions examined were kept under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Determination of magnesium content of yeast biomass was carried out with the method of atomic adsorption spectroscopy after 15 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h of experiments. The highest content of magnesium (13.76 mg/g d.m.) was obtained at the lowest number of cells in the solution, i.e. 3.5 × 108 cells/cm3 under aerobic conditions. An increase in solution pH facilitated biosorption of magnesium by the yeast. At pH 7.0, after 6 hours of the experiment, the yeasts contained 15.19 mg Mg/g d.m. when kept under anaerobic conditions and 17.22 mg Mg/g d.m. when kept under aerobic conditions
Today it is quite important to develop new, reliable, cost-efficient, and non-toxic herbal anti-microbial agents in order to minimize environmental and health problems. This study uses the disc diffusion method to examine the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of Cotinus coggygria Scop. prepared in ethanol, methanol, distilled water, chloroform, acetone, and petroleum ether against the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. Cotinus coggygria was found to inhibit the reproduction of microorganisms at various rates. The plant extracts in distilled water and methanol were found to be the most effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Enterococcus faecalis.
The investigation was conducted in the Kopački Rit Nature Park (eastern Croatia) which is established to protect the floodplain area of the Danube River. The samples were collected monthly in four sites (channels and lakes) with increasing distance from the river. The aim of investigation was to examine trophic structure of culturable bacterioplankton in relation to inundation-isolation cycles on sampling sites with unequal degree of connection with the Danube river. A change in the ratio of copiotrophs (r-strategists) to oligotrophs (K-strategists) was expected as the different organic carbon sources emerged. The composition of variables was revealed by Principal Component Analysis of abiotic water properties (temperature, water depth, transparency, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations) and the chlorophyll-a concentration. Scores of significant components were used in a Multiple Regression as independent variables and the relationship between the scores and abundance of colony forming units (CFUs) was examined. Regression model was significant only for copiotrophs, and their relative dominance was noticed in couple of samples on more isolated sampling sites. In all other samples oligotrophs were a dominant group, especially during the flood pulses or drainage after it. Their elevated abundance was equally distributed in all groups revealed by Principal Component Analysis, and corresponds to the fluvial action. Also concerning the η (eta) squared and R squared values from the two-way ANOVA (sites/samplings) oligotrophs are highly influenced by the sampling period i.e. inundation-isolation cycles. They are probably driven by the allochthonous organic matter provided by floods or have allochthonous origin itself. At the same time, copiotrophs are to some extent coupled with the established water properties, i. e. bottom-up controlled and their abundance is influenced by the localisation of sampling sites in the floodplain. These results describe the development of the conditions that promote habitat specific succession of the culturable bacterioplankton. Established differences had disappeared after additional inundation-isolation cycles.
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) introduced the obligation to monitor hydromorphological elements of rivers, including hydrological regime, river continuity, and riverbed morphology. It is estimated that by the year 2015 all uniform water bodies in the EU will be ensured at least very good (class I) or good (class II) ecological status plus good ecological potential. European standards define requirements concerning slightly different quality indices as well as methods of their assessment in such studies. In Poland, hydrological valuation has been realized since the early 1990s using different research methods. Within the framework of appraisals applied at that time, the requirements of the WFD, adopted later, were not always considered. This paper presents results of an analysis conducted on the basis of the findings of all studies of the hydromorphological status of Polish rivers conducted and published in 1995-2008. From 2,202 km of watercourses, in which scoring was applied for selected quality elements, a total of 1,588 km, uniform in terms of methodology, were selected from 35 rivers. Statistical analysis determined the distribution of results for analyzed quality elements, constituting the foundation for a new method of hydromorphological monitoring of rivers, adapted to the requirements of the WFD. Moreover, our paper also presents a review of developed research methods for the hydrological valuation of watercourses, applied in Poland and Europe.
The analysis of the sources of catastrophes taking place on the Earth and influencing human vital activity has been done in this article.
The performed investigations aimed at assessing the welfare of horses on the basis of the examination of chosen parameters of the stable microclimate. The investigations were carried out at the Wolica horse riding complex of Warsaw University of Life Sciences. The objects of the investigations were two buildings with breeding environments. The investigations were carried out during three seasons: summer, autumn and winter. The investigated basic parameters of the microclimate were: air temperature, relative humidity, air cooling force and movement as well as the type and intensity of lighting. The results were compared with the binding norms. The obtained results show that the parameters agree with the recommendations of animal hygiene exceeding the norms only sporadically. The welfare was maintained.
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