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Similary to other fungal species of the genus Alternaria, Alternaria radicina is a major pathogen that infects both the aboveground and underground parts of carrot plants. Changes in the concentrations of phenolic compounds are observed in infected carrot plants. Carrot seedlings were inoculated with the most pathogenic isolates of Alternaria radicina selected in a laboratory test. A phytopathological analysis was performed to determine the health status of carrot plants. The concentrations of phenolic acids in petioles were determined four weeks after inoculation with A. radicina and at harvest. The results of a greenhouse experiment revealed more severe disease symptoms on carrot plants cv. Koral inoculated with A. radicina isolates, compared with cv. Bolero. The content of the predominant phenolic acid (chlorogenic acid) was found to decrease in the leaf stalks of carrots cv. Koral inoculated with A. radicina. A statistically non-significant increase in chlorogenic acid levels was noted in the leaf stalks of carrots cv. Bolero in the experimental and control groups.
The plants of angelica Archangelica officinalis may be colonized by various species of fungi including Phoma species. The paper concerns the fungus Phoma complanata, isolated from above-ground and underground parts of angelica in 2009–2011. Pathogenicity tests according to Koch’s postulates were carried out on angelica plants using various methods of inoculation. Observations of the infection process were made using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Three our own isoletes and reference isolate of P. complanata were used in the study. P. complanata was found to be a facultative pathogen of angelica, which enters to the plant through stomata and wounds without creating appressoria in the top part of the germination hyphae.
Proteases is family of enzymes and it has crucial role due to their physiological roles and very valuable commercial applications. Alkaline protease are produced by Bacillus species are particular importance because of their thermal stability and stability at different pH values. This study aimed to investigate the effect of physical and chemical factors in production of alkaline protease enzyme fermentation by members of the genus Bacillus. In this study, alkaline protease enzyme production were evaluated in submerged fermentation by Bacillus strains which were isolated from alkaline soils of Guilan province. Factors incubation were optimized such as time, pH, amount of inoculation and ammonium sulfate in alkaline protease enzyme production whit using response surface methodology (RSM) in culture. The maximum enzymatic activity was observed in incubation time of 36 hours, pH=9, inoculation amount of 15% (V) and ammonium sulfate 1.5% (W/V). Factors had significant effect on the production of alkaline protease enzyme such as pH and ammonium sulfate.
The translocation of zinc, cadmium and lead ions in vegetative mycelia of four species of mycorrhizal fungi was studied. Strong accumulation of zinc, cadmium and lead in aerial mycelium of fungi growing in contaminated medium, and inhibition of the metals' translocation was found. These results were related to species of mycorrhizal fungus and the metal ions that were used for the contaminated medium.
Translocation of selected heavy metals in a mycelium growing in an agar medium supplemented with heavy metals was studied. The study showed that zinc, cadmium and lead were higly accumulated in the mycelium structures and that mycelium actively inhibited metal ion translocation.
The article presents the results of inoculation of beech and oak stumps with a biological preparation of oyster fungus (Pleurotus ostreatus) mycelium. The inoculum was grown on a sawdust substrate at Warsaw University of Life Sciences Department of Mycology and Forest Phytopathology. The experiment was set up at the Forest Experimental Station in Rogów. Stumps were inoculated: i) immediately after tree felling or ii) at approximately 5 and 12 months after felling. A total of 60 beech stumps and 50 oak stumps were inoculated in the years 2002– 2004. The infected stumps were then inspected for the presence of the mycelium and fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus. The presence of fruiting bodies of other wood-decaying fungi was also noted. The extent of rotting was determined macroscopically, with the causal agent being confirmed on the basis of isolation and identification of mycelium from fragments of colonized wood obtained from rooted-out stumps. Oyster fungus mycelium was found to colonise beech stumps much more effectively than oak stumps. Stumps inoculated immediately after, or five months after felling were more effectively colonized by the mycelium than those inoculated after one year.
Green revolution increased the food production enormously to feed the geometrically growing population. In India, the availability and affordability of fossil fuel based chemical fertilizers at the farm level have been ensured only through imports and subsidies. Dependence on chemical fertilizers for future agricultural growth would mean further loss in soil quality. The possibilities of water contamination and unsustainable burden of the fiscal system. The Government of India has been trying to promote an improved practice involving use of biofertilizers along with fertilizers. These inputs have multiple beneficial impacts on the soil and can be relatively cheap and convenient for use. The agricultural chemicals like pesticide and weedicides were being used to save the standing crop from the attack of pests and to boost crop production. At the same time the excess use of chemical fertilizers degraded the soil properties. In this context, the farmers are expecting for the cheapest and eco-friendly alternative for getting higher yield. Biofertilizers is only the alternative way to get more production without harmful to environment. So the effect of different doses of biofertilizer (Rhizobium) on germination studies of Fenu-greek seed germination percentage, seedling growth, fresh weight and dry weight, chlorophyll, protein and soluble sugar content has been studied in the laboratory condition. There parameters increased to application when biofertilizer compared to control.
The response of the Mi-1 gene to different densities of Meloidogyne incognita race 2 was investigated under controlled conditions. Susceptible and resistant tomato seedlings were inoculated with 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10 000 second-stage juveniles of M. incognita. Plants were uprooted 8 weeks after inoculation and the numbers of egg masses and galls on the roots, and second-stage juveniles in 100 g soil per pot were counted. In susceptible plants, there was a correlation between the number of egg masses on roots until 2000 J2 inoculum densities. In resistant plants, when inoculum densities increased, the number of egg masses and galls also increased. The reproduction factor ratio was >1 in the susceptible plant and <1 in the resistant plant. The data showed that the 5000 J2 inoculum was a critical limit, and 10 000 J2s were above threshold for resistant plants. The data indicate that densities of M. incognita can seriously affect the performance of the Mi-1 gene.
The effects of different types of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the root inoculation and plant elemental content of lupin (Lupinus albus L.) were investigated in the present study. The growth and development of lupin were examined to determine the species of AM fungi that can help to grow lupin with a high protein content and economic value. In this study, which was carried out as a pot experiment under controlled greenhouse conditions, first the pots were inoculated with Glomus geosporum, Glomus mosseae, Glomus caledonium, Glomus etunicatium mycorrhizal spores and then lupin (Lupinus albus) seeds were sown. The plants were watered with pure water during the experiment. The trial was terminated after a 60-day plant gowing period. In the study, inoculation occurred at lupin roots at rates varying between 13.3 and 30.0%. However, there was no statistically significant difference among the types of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi applied to the plant in the inoculation rate. The examination of the effect of the application of different AM (Glomus geosporum, Glomus mosseae, Glomus caledonium, Glomus etunicatium) spore on the plant development showed that AM inoculation did not have an effect on the lupin development. The effect of AM inoculation on the plant’s nutrient content revealed no significant difference in the content of crude protein, P and K, while demonstrating a significant increase in the sulphur and magnesium content versus the control. The plant content of crude protein varied between 185.6 and 226.5 (g kg-1), phosphorus – 0.61-0.74 (g kg-1) and potassium – 9.6-11.1 (g kg-1). The concentrations of Zn, Cu, B and Mo in lupin did not show statistically significant modifications caused by the inoculation of different types of AM. However, the plant Mn content showed a decrease due to AM inoculation, whereas a significant increase was observed in the Na content after AM inoculation. AM fungi were observed in plant roots after the inoculation with any of the four different types of mycorrhiza. But no positive effects of mycorrhizal inoculation were not observed on crude protein and the uptake of plant nutrients.
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