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It bas been found that trypsin and α-chymotrypsin inhibitors isolated from Ascaris suum act embryotoxically and teratogenically on White Leghorn clucken embryos. Mortatity rate for the chicken embryos on day 15 of incubation was 45.0 ± 3.5% after injection of trypsin inbibitor and 44.0 ± 3.5% after adminstration α-chymotrypsin inbibitor. Gross examination of surviving embryos and their dissection revealed pathological changes (abdominal dropsy, umbilical hernia, subcutaneous oedema, hemoperitoneum, hemopericardium), symptoms indicating retardation in growth (lack of down, retarded ossification of long bones, decreased mean body weight) as well as malformations (schistocelia, micrognathia, cyclopia, crossed beak, cranial deformities) after injection of inhibitors from Ascaris. The highest incidence of embryos with pathological changes and malformations was found after administralion of α-chymotrypsin inbibitor. The most commonly occurring abnormality was schistocelia (21.4 ± 3.88%). Growth malformations were not found in the control groups. The trypsin and α-chymotrypsin inhibitors present in Ascaris homogenate have a significant disturbing effect on the development of the chicken embryo.
Puciłowski O., Trzaskowska E., Jankowska E., Kostowski W., Kupryszewski G.: Effects of intra-amygdaloid TRH injections on motor activity and dominant-submissive behavior in rats competing for water. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1990, 41(1-3); 71-77. The effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) microinjections into the central amygdala (10 g in 0.5 1 into each side) on locomotor activity, water intake and dominance behavior in a water competition test was investigated in male Wistar rats. TRH increased the general motility without altering the number of rearings. Intra-amygdaloid TRH injection to submissive rats resulted in a loss ol subordinate position in these animals in the water competition test. A tendency to decrease dominance followed the injection оf the peptide to the dominant animals. The effect of TRH in the dominance test does not appear to involve influence on the thirst drive as microinjection of the peptide did not change significantly the water consumption in thirsty rats.
This retrospective study evaluated surgical cases occurring in animals due to human errors that were admitted to the Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University over six years (2012-2018). A total of 4239 animals were examined and diagnosed with surgical problems caused by humans according to our clinical records. Among these, 462 (294 large ruminants, 147 carnivores, 18 horses and 3 small ruminants) were included in the study. The animals were subjected to harm during interventions for dystocia (n = 189), road traffic accidents (n = 143), injection failures (n = 73), gunshot injuries (n = 24), cutting and penetrating injuries (n = 22) and other problems (n = 11). Recovery was recorded in 420 of treated cases, 18 were euthanized, 14 died, 7 underwent amputation and 3 were slaughtered. Human-induced surgical injuries are worth noting in these cases. Although the majority of the animals were treated, issues such as treatment expenses, weight loss in farm animals during the treatment period and property damages due to road traffic accidents cause serious economic losses. Therefore, owners should be made aware of human errors that generate vital and economic costs. Practices without adequate knowledge or experience should be prevented in the field and veterinarians should supervise their personnel and owners regarding postoperative care and other treatment procedures.
A series of new nociceptin analogues containing cysteine was tested for their noci­ceptive effects in tail-flick test on mice after icv injection. The cysteines were intro­duced in order to get irreversibly binding analogues based on the assumption that the cysteines in the ligand can interact with the cysteines from the receptor to form an S-S bridge. In vivo tests revealed that CysX-nociceptin (1-13)-NH2 (Cys1-NC) is an antagonist, whereas Cys7-NC is an agonist. Gly1 ,[Phe(p-NO2)]4 -NC was less active indi­cating that the antagonist properties of Cys1-NC are associated with the presence of the sulfhydryl group of cysteine. The analogues D-Cys2 and Cys3 were also almost in­active.
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