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Hexaploid triticale has many advantages over both parental species for both grain and forage production in certain environments. Additional information on environmental stability and heritability would be desirable to develop appropriate selection strategies in the production of superior widely-adapted cultivars. The grain yield of 22 diverse genotypes grown at four ecologically-distinct geographical locations [Quincy, FL, USA (approximate geographical coordinates (AGC) = 30°N 84°W, approximate elevation (AE) = 58 m), Plains, GA, USA (AGC = 32°N 84°W, AE = 76 m), Bozeman, MT USA (AGC = 45°N 111°W, AE = 1458 m), and Aberdeen, ID, USA (AGC = 42°N 112°W, AE = 1360 m)] was measured in two years with winter and spring planting dates only at Bozeman and Aberdeen. Test weight (grain weight in a given volume) was determined for two years at Bozeman and Aberdeen at both planting dates and one year at Quincy. Stability analyses indicated that significant (P <0.01) variation in means, regression coefficients, and deviation mean squares of the genotypes were present for both characters. Realized heritability (h²) estimates were as follows: grain yield ranged from -0.02 to 0.80 with a mean of 0.57; test weight ranged from 0.63 to 1.05 with a mean of 0.93. The results indicated that substantial genetic variation is present and selection for widely-adapted cultivars would be effective for both characters especially test weight.
Sixty-two DNA sequences for the coding regions of omega-secalin (ω-secalin) genes have been characterized from rye (Secale cereale L.), hexaploid and octoploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 1BL/1RS translocation line. Only 19 out of the 62 ω-secalin gene sequences were full-length open reading frames (ORFs), which can be expressed into functional proteins. The other 43 DNA sequences were pseudogenes, as their ORFs were interrupted by one or a few stop codons or frameshift mutations. The 19 ω-secalin genes have a typical primary structure, which is different from wheat gliadins. There was no cysteine residue in ω-secalin proteins, and the potential celiac disease (CD) toxic epitope (PQQP) was identified to appear frequently in the repetitive domains. The ω-secalin genes from various cereal species shared high homology in their gene sequences. The ω-secalin gene family has involved fewer variations after the integration of the rye R chromosome or whole genome into the wheat or triticale genome. The higher Ka/Ks ratio (i.e. non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions per site) in ω-secalin pseudogenes than in ω-secalin ORFs indicate that the pseudogenes may be subject to a reduced selection pressure. Based on the conserved sequences of ω-secalin genes, it will be possible to manipulate the expression of this gene family in rye, triticale, or wheat 1BL/1RS translocation lines, to reduce its negative effects on grain quality.
In animal feeding soluble dietary fibres have been considered as the main antinutritive factor. High level of soluble pentosan content (SPC) in grains of triticale, which is used greatly as a feeding cereal, decreases feed intake in chickens and piglets, hampers digestion and makes droppings very sticky resulting in inhibition of growth. Variability of SPC was assessed spectrophotometrically within the recombinants of hexaploid triticale with synthetic amphitetraploid Triticum monococcum/Secale cereale to evaluate the possibilities of selection in respect of low soluble pentosan content. Standard triticale lines LT 176/10 and LT 522/6 used in crosses as a gene recipient parents had 125% and 128% of SPC in wheat check cultivars. Surprisingly high variation in SPC of grain was found within the set of introgressive triticale lines resulting from recombination with amphitetraploids. The coefficient of variation (CV%) amounted to 24.7. Some of the studied introgressive lines of triticale had the grain SPC lower than wheat. Theses results make the breeding of low SPC triticale promising.
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