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The bats of Pemba are poorly known, but recent surveys have provided material to critically examine the species that occur on this island, roughly 50 km off the coast of Tanzania. A new species of Mops (Molossidae) is described from Pemba and aspects of its distinguishing characteristics from other molossids and habitat are discussed. This new species differs from the type of M. brachypterus by lacking basisphenoid pits. The form brachypterus needs critical review.
The paper deals with the richness and diversity of endemic and subendemic taxa in the Polish Carpathians. Based on critical studies in the literature and the authors' unpublished materials collected in the field, the distribution patterns of endemic species are analysed and discussed. The participation of endemics in the flora of single Carpathian ranges is assessed and analysed. The importance of the Tatra Mts as a centre of endemism is stressed. The frequency and altitudinal ranges of endemic taxa are characterized and their syntaxonomical spectrum is presented.
The study was conducted based on data from lake management books. Pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.), was present at various time intervals in 619 lakes in northeastern Poland that covered a total area of 116.2 thousand ha. Based on the frequency of occurrence of this fish species in commercial catches, three categories of habitats were distinguished. The morphologic and morphometric parameters of these three categories of lakes were compared. For each category, the dynamics of temporal changes was characterized in the lakes in which pikeperch lived, and the trend lines of these changes were plotted. An increase in the number of habitats of this predatory fish species appeared in 1951-1965 and was directly connected with its natural migration. The range of fish stocking measures and the time when they began were determined for the three categories of lakes analyzed.
We tested whether species-specific behavioral traits could explain patterns of habitat patch occupancy by five different squirrel species in Ontario, Canada: the northern and southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus and Glaucomys volans), the North American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), and the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Flying squirrel species exhibit group nesting in winter, which may put them at risk of extirpation in small patches with few individuals to contribute to group nests. Flying squirrels are also volant, potentially making non-treed matrix a barrier. Our surveys revealed that G. sabrinus was most likely to occur in large patches that were embedded in landscapes with low connectivity, and least likely to occur in small patches in highly connected landscapes. Conversely, G. volans was most likely to occur in large, well-connected patches and least likely to occur in small, unconnected patches. Patch occupancy by the cursorial squirrels was not strongly influenced by patch area or isolation. These findings reinforce previous studies suggesting that an understanding of species-specific traits such as behavior is an important consideration when interpreting habitat fragmentation effects.
Location of nests, built by free-living wild boars Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758, was analysed in order to assess the importance of environmental and social conditions in piglets' survival during the first days after birth. The research was carried in a Mediterranean forest with different habitats and high density of natural predators. The results indicate that most nests were already constructed before the beginning of March, being located preferentially in areas with: (1) abundant plant cover, (2) water nearby and (3) a warmer temperature than in other places. These results suggest that female wild boar try to diminish mortality caused by natural predators by constructing their nests in places with dense cover. Water is very important because of the females' new necessities derived from milk production. Warm nesting places might diminish deaths after birth in a species with important thermoregulation deficiencies. The distance between nests is also important because in this period the wild boar develops a territorial behaviour, possibly with the objective of establishing bonds between the mother and her offspring before returning to the familiar units made up of several females and their piglets, all of them of a similar age.
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