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It is assumed that progress in cultivar breeding corresponds to over 50% of the increase in cereal yields. Among possible ways of improving the success of fertilisation and, consequently, increasing yields and enhancing the mineral balance in crops is the application of growth regulators. The purpose of this study has been to assess the effect of growth regulators and their doses on the mineral balance in spring triticale. The research was based on a two-factor pot experiment, completed in four replicates. The experiment was carried out in Kick- Brauckmann pots filled with light soil of slightly acidic reaction and highly abundant in available forms of P, moderately abundant in K and poor in Mg. Mineral fertilisation per pot consisted of 1.5 g N, 2.0 g K and 0.25 g Mg. Nitrogen and potassium were applied in two rates – half the complete dose before sowing and the remaining amount as top dressing during the stem elongation phase. All the rate of magnesium was introduced to soil before sowing. Prior to sowing the tested cereal, grain of cv. Migo spring triticale was soaked for 24 hours in water (control) or in aqueous solutions of growth regulators: IBA (indole butyric acid), NAA (α-naphthaleneacetic acid), BAP (benzyl adenine): 5, 10, 20 mg dm–3; GA3 (gibberellin acid): 20, 40, 80 mg dm–3 and Tria (triacontanol): 0.1, 0.2, 0.2 mg dm–3. Spring triticale was harvested in the full maturity stage. An increase in the total nitrogen concentration in grain ranged from 6% following an application of GA3 to 15% after using NAA. Owing to its increased concentration and higher yield of triticale, the accumulation of nitrogen in grain increased by about 20% in plants treated with NAA and by 15-17% when the seed material was dressed with Tria, BAP or GA3. IBA produced the weakest effect, increasing the accumulation of this nutrient in grain by just 8%. This effect was obtained mainly by improved remobilisation and transport of N from vegetative parts to grain. The contribution of grain to nitrogen accumulation varied from 63% (control) to 71-73% after an application of the tested growth regulators. Under the influence of IBA, the concentration of potassium (by 14%) and the share of straw in potassium accumulation increased. In respect of the other macronutrients, the influence of growth regulators was less evident.
Haploid plants after doubling the chromosomes can give rise to diploid homozygote lines, which can be used as DH lines in breeding new varieties or as initial plant material in creating F1 hybrids. This work studied natural polyembryony and the effect of growth regulators on induction of polyembryonic seeds and haploid embryogenesis in five species of the genus Capsicum. Water solutions of the following growth regulators were used: 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and BNOA (beta-naphthoxyacetic acid) at 0.001% used separately or combined with BAP (benzylamino-purine). Twin seed frequency was highest in C. chinense and lowest in C. baccatum var. pendulum. In C. annuum the share of twin embryos was highest in the 'Corno di toro' variety; 2,4-D clearly increased the number of twin plants only in 'Corno di toro' seeds. Treatment with combinations of 2,4-D or BNOA with BAP increased the frequency of polyembryonie seeds in the 'ATZ1' line. In C. frutescens the frequency of polyembryony increased following application of BNOA with BAP. Of all the seeds tested, seven haploid plants were obtained, representing C. frutescens, C. chacoense and C. baccatum var. pendulum. The differences in the frequency of polyembryony in the studied genotypes points to genetic control of this phenomenon. The presence of monoploid plants definitely depends on the genotype, as a high frequency of polyembryony is not always accompanied by a high share of haploid plants. For most genotypes evaluated, the effect of growth regulators was disadvantageous, resulting in a considerable decrease in the share of twin plants among germinated seeds.
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