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The purpose of the study has been to determine the yield, chemical composition and nutritive value of green forage from di- and tetraploid forms of red clover grown in different seed density regimes. The yield of green forage was analysed in the first year of full use, in 2003 and 2004, having cut the plants in the early inflorescence phase (1st cut). In green forage samples, the following were determined: basic chemical composition, concentration of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), fibre fractions (NDF, ADF and ADL) and macronutrients (P, K, Mg, Ca, Na). The nutritive value of green forage was expressed according to the INRA 1988 system. The yield of green matter from the tetraploid cultivars Bona and Jubilatka was higher than from the diploid cultivars Krynia and Parada. The cultivar Bona distinguished itself by its highest average yield of green matter, dry matter, total protein and net energy. The dry matter content was the most variable green forage quality characteristic. In both years, green forage from the diploid cultivars contained more dry matter than the one made from the tetraploid varieties. At the same time, seed density did not have any significant influence on the differentiation of green forage yields. Green forage from the two diploid cultivars was characterised by a similar energy and protein value and a better fill unit value (better potential intake by ruminants). The concentrations of phorphorus, potassium and calcium in green forage from the diploid forms were slightly higher compared to the tetraploid forms, unlike the level of magnesium, which was slightly lower. Irrespectively of the polidy level, the concentration of macronutrients, except phosphorus, was higher in the first year of the study. Considering the nutritional requirements of animals, green forage from the analysed red clover cultivars was characterised by an inadequate level of magnesium, deficient amount of sodium and an improper Ca:P ratio. The results suggest that diploid forms of red clover can potentially generate a higher nutrititive value than tetraploid ones.
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Density of silage stored in horizontal silos

84%
The objective of this study was to identify the effect of silage density on quality and efficiency of crop preservation. Feed quality is reduced in loosely packed silos because of decreased dry mater and nutrient losses from aerobic deterioration. Adequate packing in the silo to attain the minimum recommended density of dry matter is a challenge. This study estimates how packing tractor weight, silage dry matter, rate of fill and blade layer work together to effect dry matter density. Increasing packing tractor weight, number of packing tractors and reducing layer thickness result in increased dry matter density. High density in horizontal silos minimises losses and reduces storage costs. High density reduces the porosity of the crop and a higher density increases the storage capacity of the silo. Density increased from top to bottom of horizontal silos and significant difference in silage densities across the face of the pile are noted. Lower densities are consistently registered along silo walls, therefore extra attention should be paid to packing along the silo walls. Using a heavy tractor with narrow tyres could be a way to reduce feed losses. Only an experienced operator should be employed to pack along a wall with a heavy tractor. Silage should not be packed too high or too steep, as that could increase the likelihood of rolling the packing tractor over. Silage density in horizontal silo is most strongly influenced by packing layer thickness (L), tractor weight (mv), packing time per ton as-fed (tu ) and dry matter content (DM). Muck and Holmes (2000) proposed that the relationship between these four factors forms the packing factor (PF). Silage density is moreover influenced by delivery rate, moisture content, dimensions of the horizontal silo and particle length.
The article presents an analysis of the production costs of lucerne for green forage or hay. It has been found that at prices of production means for the first six months of 1993, net production costs of lucerne for green forage edged up to 5 856000 zl/ha, and for hay 2 675 000 zl/ha. The costs of feed unit for both green forage and hay were similar and equaled 419-456 zl/feed unit.
Na podstawie wyników serii doświadczeń bezczynnikowych z łubinem żółtym uprawianym na zieloną masę wyznaczono wskaźniki zmienności glebowej b Smitha, a następnie oszacowano odpowiednią wielkość poletka wg formuły Hathewaya dla różnej liczby powtórzeń i obiektów oraz założonej precyzji doświadczenia. Stwierdzono, że ocenę plonu zielonej masy w doświadczeniach z łubinem żółtym można przeprowadzić, stosując poletka o pow. od 2.5 m2 w 6 powtórzeniach do 7 m2 w 3 powtórzeniach dla układu losowanych bloków.
In experiment conducted in 1993-95 trends in morphological yield features in green mass and dry matter yields, chemical composition and nutritional value indicators of red clover and Italian ryegrass grown alone and in mixture were investigated. In each cutting of red clover formed higher leaf surface bith for steam and stand as compared with Italian ryegrass. Red clover had also higher content of crude protein and ether extract as compared with Italian ryegrass but lower content of crude fiber, dry mailer and water soluble sugars. The yield and nutritional value of mixtures depended on botanical composition with magnitudes distributed between the values for the two investigated components grown alone. Italian ryegrass had higher energy value (UFL, UFV) and expressed in oat units. Large differences were observed in case of chemical composition in all cuttings.
The completed study suggests that an increased proportion of lucerne green forage to 20% oat feed units causes a rise of daily weight gains from 0.583 to 0.655 kg/head. A further increase in the share of lucerne green forage in the range of 20% to 30% oat feed units has been followed by a drop in daily weight gains to 0.557 kg/head. The cost effectiveness of feeding lucerne green forage to hogs depends on relations between prices of particular production means. For the prices of feeds in the second quarter of 1993 and non feed coats at 2500 at zl/head daily, an increase in the share of lucerne green forage to 20% oat feed units resulted in a decrease of weight gain costs per unit.
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