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1

Landscape pattern and genetic structure of a yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis population in north-eastern Poland

100%
Gortat T., Gryczynska-Siemiatkowska A., Rutkowski R., Kozakiewicz A., Mikoszewski A., Kozakiewicz M.
Acta Theriologica
|
2010
|
tom 55
|
nr 2
109-121
Reduced connectivity among local populations inhabiting a spatially heterogeneous landscape may restrict gene flow and thus contribute to diminished genetic variation within a population. The aim of this study was to determine the role of geographic distance and habitat barriers in developing genetic structure of a yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) population, taking into consideration the spatial organization of the landscape. A field study was carried out in two plots located in NE Poland that differed considerably in terms of the scale of habitat fragmentation: (1) a continuous forest complex, and (2) a mosaic of smaller forest habitats. The plots were separated by a water barrier comprised of a chain of lakes. DNA samples from a total of 654 individuals were examined by microsatellite analysis (5 loci). The results showed that the yellow-necked mouse population was characterized by a poorly pronounced genetic structure throughout the study area, although the statistical significance of F ST for most location pairs indicated that gene flow in the area was not free. The division of the mouse population into three genetically distinct groups clearly demonstrated the significant role of water bodies as a natural barrier effectively hindering free movement of animals and thus gene flow. Analysis of the genetic structure of the mouse population throughout the study area and also within the distinguished groups indicated that the entire study population may be considered as a single metapopulation. Our results suggest that geographic distance alone is not the predominant factor affecting the genetic structure of population, but in the mosaic landscape the relative isolation of individual forest fragments, and barriers hindering movements of individuals and limiting gene flow among local populations played a much more important role.
2
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Relationship and genetic diversity of mistletoe [Viscum album L.] subspecies

100%
Mejnartowicz L.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
|
2006
|
tom 75
|
nr 1
39-49
With the help of 21 putative isoenzyme loci, the genetic diversity and variations of Viscum album ssp. album L. from 42 species, subspecies, varieties and hybrids of broadleaf trees, Viscum album ssp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollmann, from 4 populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Viscum album ssp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abromeit, from 8 populations of European silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) were analyzed. On the dendrogram, the three investigated subspecies form three clusters, each clearly separated from the other, so we suggest a revision of the systematic nomenclature proposed to take into consideration a return to an earlier system of dividing the European mistletoe into three species: Viscum album L., Viscum abietis Beck, and Viscum laxum Boiss. et Reut. From among the 21 tested loci only one locus, SOD-A, was monomorphic. The average number of actual alleles (Na) and effective alleles (Ne) was 2.23 and 1.61 respectively. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) varied from 0.199 in V. album ssp. abietis to 0.345 in the V.a. ssp. album populations. Average FST = 0.277 indicates that about 28% of genetic differentiation is due to an interpopulation diversity of Viscum album populations. There is a small gene flux between Viscum album populations with only one immigrant successfully entering a population per two generations (Nm = 0,653).
3

Identification of the barrier to gene flow between phylogeographic lineages of the common hamster Cricetus cricetus

100%
Banaszek A., Ziomek J., Jadwiszczak K. A., Kaczynska E., Mirski P.
Acta Theriologica
|
2012
|
tom 57
|
nr 3
In anthropogenically disturbed habitats, natural barriers still exist and have to be recognized, as they are important for conservation measures. Areas of phylogeographic breaks within a species are often stabilized in inhospitable regions which act as natural barriers. An area of contact between phylogeographic lineages of the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) was found in the Małopolska Upland in Poland. A total of 142 common hamsters were captured between 2005 and 2009. All hamsters were genotyped at 17 microsatellite loci and partial sequences of the mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region were obtained. No mixed populations with mtDNA haplotypes of both lineages were found. The distance between marginal populations was about 20 km; no hamsters were found in the area between. A principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on microsatellite data and the greatest change in PC1 scores was found between marginal samples. To define the habitat components responsible for the phylogeographic break, we compared the habitat composition of sites occupied by hamsters with those from which hamsters were absent. We found that hamsters avoided forested areas and sandy soils. The area of the potential barrier was characterized by a high proportion of woodland and unfavorable soils in comparison with neighboring areas inhabited by hamsters. They cannot settle in this area due to their high winter mortality in shallow burrows and high predation in the fields adjacent to forests.
4

The variability of common reed Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel populations growing in urban conditions

100%
Krzakowa M., Jakubiak H., Kolodziejczak M.
Ecological Questions
|
2008
|
tom 10
Differences between 13 common reed (Phragmites australis) populations, growing in urban conditions within the town of Poznań (western Poland), are described by 8 morphological traits of panicles' variability and the frequency of peroxidase (dimeric and monomeric) allozymes. Values of morphological characters were processed statistically using agglomerative clustering by the closest neighbours (UPGMA) method based on Euclidean distances. Proteins were separated in the starch gel electrophoretic procedure, showing cathodic migration. Populations are polymorphic and have a certain level of heterozygosity. The level of populations' diversity (DST = 0.097) is lower than the intra-population variability (GST = 0.187). The gene flow between populations is rather low (Nm = 1.090).
5

Genetic variation of Aconitum sect. Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) at a macrogeographical scale in the Carpathians

100%
Sutkowska A., Warzecha T., Mitka J.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2017
|
tom 65
|
nr 1
The tetraploid (2n = 32) Aconitum sect. Aconitum in the Eastern Carpathians, Southern Carpathians and Apušeni Mts. is represented by high-mountain A. bucovinese, A. firmum subsp. fissurae and their putative taxonomic hybrid A. ×nanum. The aim of the paper was to reveal which delimiting system: taxonomic vs.geographic-population better explains genetic variability (ISSR — Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) of the Aconitum individuals in the Eastern/Southern Carpathians. Twenty nine plants sampled in five populations within entire range of taxa distribution were assigned to genetic groups according to a Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis, neighbour-net classification (NN), and nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination (NMDS). Three taxa were distributed in four (NN, NMDS) or two (STRUCTURE) genetic groups, and the partitioning of genetic variation with analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed the highest percentage of variation attributed to the four ISSR genetic groups (22.6%), then to the two STRUCTURE groups (18.9%) and three taxa (15.6%, all P < 0.001), and finally to the three geographic regions (6.5%, P = 0.013). Genetic groups harbored specimens from distant regions: A. f. subsp. fissurae had similar genetic profiles in the Southern Carpathians and Apušeni Mts. (100% support), and some specimens of A. bucovinense had genetic links with A. f. subsp. fissurae. The hybrid species A. ×nanum was genetically specific. We concluded that (i) genetic links between nowadays distantly located populations could have originated in the effect of ancient contacts and hybridization, (ii) probably in the Carpathians two ancient genetic centers of the A. sect. Aconitum existed and (iii) high genetic specificity of the hybrid species A. ×nanum deserves further studies.
6

Assessment of chosen reproductive cycle processes and genetic diversity of Salix myrtilloides L. in wetlands of Polesie Lubelskie: the prospects of its survival in the region

100%
Pogorzelec M., Glebocka K., Hawryluk-Nowak B., Bronowicka-Mielniczuk U.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2015
|
tom 63
|
nr 3
Salix myrtilloides L. is an endangered species whose western limit of range runs through Poland. The main aim of the study was to increase the knowledge on the ecology and biology of S. myrtilloides populations in the Polesie Lubelskie region (Eastern Poland) in order to create an effective protection program. An 80% decrease in its population was found in this area. Our study was conducted to identify the mechanisms responsible for the process of withdrawal of this species from its natural stands by determining whether the processes of generative reproduction (pollen viability and germinability, seed germination ability and dynamics) in the populations occur properly and by characterizing within- and among-population genetic diversity of S. myrtilloides, using ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat) primers. The results confirmed that S. myrtilloides pollen viability was high (84.17±8.67), and so were the seed germination ability (76% of the total number of sown seeds/24 h) and dynamics. The within-population genetic diversity was quite high for this species and the inter-population genetic variation was of medium value (ΦPT=0.148). The condition of two populations, their genetic diversity and sex ratio as well as the correctness of the investigated reproductive cycle stages altogether give prospects for their survival. It seems to be very important to start conservation involving the reintroduction and reconstruction of S. myrtilloides populations in the Polesie Lubelskie region. The proposed method for restoration of S. myrtilloides resources would be possible if ex situ cultivation and in vitro methods were used.
7

Different patterns of genetic structure of relict and isolated populations of endangered peat-bog pine [Pinus uliginosa Neumann]

100%
Wachowiak W., Prus-Glowacki W.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2009
|
tom 50
|
nr 4
329-339
Recent changes in environmental conditions in populations of peat-bog pine (Pinus uliginosa Neumann) caused rapid decline or even extinction of the species in several stands in Central Europe. Conservation strategies for P. uliginosa require information about the evolutionary history and genetic structure of its populations. Using isozymes we assessed the genetic structure of P. uliginosa from four isolated stands in Poland and compared the results to genetic structures of other closely related pine species including eight populations of Pinus mugo, ten of Pinus sylvestris and one of Pinus uncinata. The level of genetic variability of P. uliginosa measured by the mean number of alleles per locus and average heterozygosity was similar to others related to P. uliginosa taxa from the reference group but it differs among populations. High genetic similarity was found between two populations of P. uliginosa from Low Silesian Pinewood. The populations were genetically distinct as compared to other populations including locus classicus of the species from the peat bog at Batorów Reserve. Very low genetic distance (DN = 0.002) and small genetic differentiation (GST = 0.003) were found between P. uliginosa and P. mugo in the sympatrie populations of the species from Zieleniec peat bog suggesting the ongoing natural hybridisation and genetic contamination of peat-bog pine from this area. Some evidence for skew in allele frequency distribution potentially due to recent bottleneck was found in population from Low Silesian Pinewood. The analysed open pollinated progeny derived from two P. uliginosa stands from Low Silesian Pine- wood showed the excess of homozygotes as compared to the maternal trees indicating high level of inbreeding (F =0.105,F = 0.081). The results are discussed in the context of evolution of P. uliginosa populations, taxonomie relationships between the analysed species and conservation strategies for active protection of peat-bog pine.
8
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Genetic diversity of Galium cracoviense Ehrend. [Rubiaceae] - the Polish endemic plant

100%
Cieslak E., Szelag Z.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
|
2009
|
tom 78
|
nr 2
123-129
Genetic diversity of Galium cracoviense, a narrow endemic species, limited to the small area in southern Poland and concentrated on Jurassic limestone outcrops near Częstochowa, was examined using the AFLP marker. Twenty nine individuals from three spatially isolated populations were used for the study. AFLP analysis yielded 157 bands, of which 110 (70%) were polymorphic. The AMOVA analysis revealed a substantially higher variation within populations (89.35%) than among them (10.65%). Values of parameters describing population genetic diversity, such as Shannon index and gene diversity index estimated for each population, were highly similar. The results indicate a high level of genetic polymorphism as well as a high genetic similarity of the isolated populations of G. cracoviense and thus an unconstrained gene flow between them. Based on the results we conclude that additional demographic and genetic studies, are necessary to monitor potential decrease of populations size resulting mainly from the mechanical destruction of plants and their habitats caused by intense tourism. Due to the small general range of occurrence, conservation should include the highest possible number of populations of G. cracoviense.
9
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The hybrid origin of Calamagrostis x gracilescens [Poaceae] in Poland inferred from morphology and AFLP data

100%
Paszko B., Nobis M.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
|
2010
|
tom 79
|
nr 1
51-61
The morphology of Calamagrostis canescens and C. stricta recorded in the Małopolska Upland (the vicinity of Zbijów Mały, ca. 10 km northeast of the town of Skarżysko-Kamienna, Central Poland) was examined due to intermediate individuals found in sympatric populations of these species. Both putative parents as well as individuals that appeared hybrid-like were found in an extensive, wet hay-meadow. Various vegetative and reproductive characteristics were studied to identify hybrids. Interestingly, Polish accessions of C. ×gracilescens exhibited some degree of morphological intermediacy but resembled C. stricta in spikelet morphology. Branching of the mid-culm, the number of nodes per culm, callus hair length and relative callus hair length are the best characters to distinguish the Polish C. ×gracilescens. AFLP analysis proved to be suitable for detecting recent hybridization events between C. canescens and C. stricta. Analysis of the Bayesian clustering analysis showed that C. ×gracilescens were subjected to gene flow from the C. canescens gene pool as well as from the C. stricta gene pool.
10

Clonal structure of small isolated populations of Pinus mugo Turra from peatbogs in the Tatra Mts

100%
Prus-Glowacki W., Baczkiewicz A., Wysocka D.
Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica
|
2005
|
tom 47
|
nr 2
This study examined genetic variability at 11 allozyme loci and the clonal structure of peatbog populations of dwarf mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) from three small isolated stands in the Tatra Mts, Poland. The percentage of clones in the peatbog populations was high, 48.45% on average. Genetic variability was lower in these populations than in populations from the continuous range of the species. The mean number of alleles per locus (A) was 2.2. Estimates of total (HT = 0.231) and within-population (HS = 0.224) genetic diversity were very similar. Differentiation between populations was low (DST = 0.7%; GST = 2.1 %). Gene flow (Nm = 8.11) was also relatively low because of their geographic isolation. Wright’s fixation index (F) for all examined enzymatic loci demonstrated that the populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
11
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Genetic variation of cowslip [Primula veris L.] populations [West Poland]

100%
Morozowska M., Krzakowa M.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
|
2003
|
tom 72
|
nr 4
Genetic variation of twelve Polish populations of Primula veris L. from western Poland was investigated in respect of six enzyme systems: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), diaphorase (DIA), menadione reductase (MNR), formate dehydrogenase (FDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT). Only two of them (6PGD and DIA) were polymorphic and all populations were compared according to four loci and eight alleles. For 6PGD only one out of the two detected loci (locus 6PGD-2) was polymorphic and consisted of three alleles a, b and c. For DIA each of two detected loci had two alleles. For 6PGD-2 one population was monomorphic and four populations were monomorphic for DIA-1 and DIA-2. The rest of the populations were polymorphic with low frequency of heterozygotes. The low heterozygosity level, found in the examined populations, was confirmed by high values of the fixation index (F). The level of genetic differentiation among GST populations specified for each polymorphic loci, was equal to 0.045 for 6PGD-2 and had the value of 0.078 for DIA-2 and 0.186 for DIA-1. Nm value for polymorphic loci was 1.10 for DIA-1 and 2.94 for DIA-2, and for 6PGD-2 was 5.33, what indicates some gene flow between the examined populations. The dendrogram constructed on the basis of genotype frequencies showed that the populations were divided into two groups, however the most southern population No. 2 was clearly similar to the northern population No. 8.
12

Evolutionary status of closely related Lolium taxa

100%
Polok K.
Seria Biologiczna. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
|
2005
|
tom 72
13

Genetic diversity in the Polish brown hare Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778: implications for conservation and management

100%
Hartl G. B., Markowski J., Swiatecki A., Janiszewski T., Willing R.
Acta Theriologica
|
1992
|
tom 37
|
nr 1-2
A total of 193 brown hares, collected from 7 sampling sites in Poland during 1986 - 1990 were examined for genetic variability and differentiation at 39 presumptive isozyme loci by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Values of polymorphism (mean P = 0.180, SD 0.039) and average heterozygosity (mean H = 0.047, SD 0.006) were similar to those detected in previous studies on the population genetics of the brown hare. Relative (Cst = 0.041) and absolute (mean D/Nei, 1978/ = 0.0012, SD 0.0013) genetic differentiation among populations were very low, which fits well to the high number of migrant individuals per generation (Nm = 12.7), estimated using the private allele method of Slalkin (1985). Average heterozygosity was examined for associations with geographical distribution, the year of culling, population density, age, sex, body weight and health status, whereby a better survival of heterozygous femals could be detected. According Lo our results, the present decline of the brown hare is noL due to genetic depiction. However, once population sizes drop below a critical threshold, a pronounced inbreeding depression can be expected.
14

Genetic differentiation and gene flow between the Drnholec and Legucki Mlyn chromosome races of the common shrew Sorex araneus in Northern Poland

100%
Ratkiewicz M., Supruniuk J., Fedyk S., Banaszek A., Chetnicki W., Szalaj K. A.
Acta Theriologica. Supplement
|
2000
|
tom 45
|
nr 1
15

Estimating gene flow across hybrid zones: how reliable are microsatellites?

100%
Balloux F., Lugon-Moulin N., Hausser J.
Acta Theriologica. Supplement
|
2000
|
tom 45
|
nr 1
16

Evolution of the common shrew Sorex araneus: chromosomal and molecular aspects

100%
Wojcik J. M., Ratkiewicz M., Searle J. B.
Acta Theriologica. Supplement
|
2002
|
tom 47
|
nr 1
We review data on the chromosomal variation in the common shrew Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 in the context of recent molecular findings. The article considers all aspects of chromosomal variation in this species: within-population polymorphism, karyotypic races, hybrid zones between karyotypic races, chromosomal evolution, and speciation. The recent molecular data provide vital information on different evolutionary processes such as inbreeding, genetic drift, population expansion, and selective forces. In particular, the molecular data challenge traditional models for the fixation of chro­mosomal variants, provide new insights into the manner of spread of such variants once they are formed and allow in-depth analysis of gene exchange between karyotypic races.
17

Maximization of the frequency of recombinants in the hybrid zones of Sorex araneus in northern Poland

100%
Szalaj K. A., Fedyk S., Banaszek A., Chetnicki W.
Acta Theriologica
|
1995
|
tom 40
|
nr 3
We studied populations of Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 in the upper Drwęca River valley and in the vicinity of Lake Szeląg Wielki. We found that the cline of frequency of metacentric np decays in the Drwęca River valley, which results in a smooth transition between the Stobnica race (karyotype hi, ko, gm, np) and the Laska race (hi, ko, gm). However, on the west shore of Lake Szeląg Wielki the cline of frequency of metacentric gm disappears. Reduction of frequencies of autosomes np and gm makes possible broadening of the ciines of metacentrics gr and mn, originating from the Łęgucki Mtyn race. This results in a reduction of the number of hybrids and maximization of frequency of recombinants (hi, ko, gr, mn), which reaches the value of 1.0 in the populations located on the west shore of the lake. We compared studied populations with those in the Pasłęka River valley, and those between the Pasłęka and Drwęca Rivers valleys. We also discussed the maximization of the frequency of recombinants as a mechanism enhancing fertility of hybrid populations.
18
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Pseudamnicola exilis (Frauenfeld, 1863) in southern Greece: a remnant of a flock of species (Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae)?

80%
Szarowska M., Falniowski A.
Folia Malacologica
|
2011
|
tom 19
|
nr 3
The morphology of shell, penis, and female reproductive organs was studied in five populations of Pseudamnicola exilis (Frauenfeld) from southern Peloponnese and Kithira Island (Greece). No interpopulation differences were found in any of the characters. Thirty eight sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear ribosomal 18S RNA genes were analysed. In COI 19 haplotypes, high haplotypy diversity, low nucleotide diversity in each population, and restricted gene flow between populations were found. NCA indicated allopatric fragmentation for all populations, and long-distance colonisation and/or past fragmentation for populations 4 and 5. Mismatch distribution in the most polymorphic population 4 reflected a bottleneck followed by population growth. The values of K2P interpopulation distances, though relatively low, pointed to congeneric distinct species within the Rissooidea. The monophyly of Pseudamnicola/Adrioinsulana clade was confirmed. Most probably the studied populations of Pseudamnicola were part of a flock of vicariant species little differentiated in morphology and ecology, many of which must have disappeared due to human impact.
19

Genetic differentiation of common reed (Phragmites australis) populations from selected lakes of Pomerania (NW Poland), revealed by electrophoretically detected peroxidase variability

80%
Krzakowa M., Michalak M.
Biodiversity: Research and Conservation
|
2010
|
tom 17
20

Konsekwencje uprawy roslin transgenicznych dla populacji chwastow

80%
Praczyk T.
Progress in Plant Protection
|
2002
|
tom 42
|
nr 1
368-374
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