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Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is a key enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis which supplies sesquiterpene precursors for several classes of essential metabolites including sterols, dolichols, ubiquinones and carotenoids as well as substrates for farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of proteins. It catalyzes the sequential head-to-tail condensation of two molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate with dimethylallyl diphosphate. The enzyme is a homodimer of subunits, typically having two aspartate-rich motifs with two sets of substrate binding sites for an allylic diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate per homodimer. The synthase amino-acid residues at the 4th and 5th positions before the first aspartate rich motif mainly determine product specificity. Hypothetically, type I (eukaryotic) and type II (eubacterial) FPPSs evolved from archeal geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by substitutions in the chain length determination region. FPPS belongs to enzymes encoded by gene families. In plants this offers the possibility of differential regulation in response to environmental changes or to herbivore or pathogen attack.
ASYMMERTIC LEAVES2-LIKE38 (ASL38/ LBD41), isolated from Arabidopsis, is a member of the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARY DOMAIN gene family. We reported that ASL38 might be involved in the dorsoventral determination in extremely folded or crinkly leaves of 35S:ASL38.cockscomb plants; suggesting ASL38 is a transcript factor, and regulates a number of genes that are involved in the morphogenesis and development of plants. To verify this speculation, in this work, we constructed the binary vector pBI121–pMD-18T, which contained the GFP and coding sequences of ASL38, and introduced them into cockscomb via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. We found that ASL38-GFP fusion protein was localized in discrete subnuclear bodies, indicating ASL38 might be a nuclear protein and function as a transcription factor. In modification of flowering plants, many potentially useful genes that are involved in the pathways associated with flower and plant morphology have been cloned. Transcription factors regulating plant development and biosynthetic or regulatory genes involved in plant hormones are common candidates. If 35S:ASL38 cockscomb plants are altered in morphology, these morphological modifications could pave the foundation for the selection of novel flower varieties. As it was speculated by us, in this work, we showed that these 35S:ASL38 cockscomb flowered earlier and their flowers were turned into multiple column patterns, when compared with wild-type cockscomb. Moreover, leaves of some 35S:ASL38 plants revealed lobed and dissected patterns, and extremely, two leaf blades were developed on the same petiole; which was never found in wild-type cockscomb. Together, these morphological modifications of cockscomb indicate that we have successfully attained some novel lines of cockscombs. These lines can have potential practical applications.
According to the FAO database [2002], approximately 40% (94 million metric tons) of the red meat consumed annually worldwide is pork. Pork consumption has been increasing consistently with the increase of world population. In the past decade, modern research achievements towards genetic improvement of economic traits, like growth rate, based on studies of myogenesis and metabolomics of adipose tissue, have had a major impact on improving the carcass composition, meat quality and efficiency of the pork production (in swine industry). These technologies based on research in functional genomics, have a significant potential, but considerable research effort will be required before they can effectively be utilized in pig production. Knowledge about the sequence of the pig genome would help to identify new candidate genes and unique regulatory elements. This great promise provides new information about regulation of expression of such genes that can be used to enhance efficiency of pork production in the future. The aim of this study was to assess a comprehensive overview on functional candidate genes related especially to myogenesis, for examples: growth hormone (GH), growth hormone receptors (GHR), growth hormone realizing hormone (GHRH), growth hormone realizing hormone receptors (GHRHR), insulin like growth factors and their receptors (IGF, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-IR), pituitary-specific transcription factor 1 (PIT-1 renamed as POU1F1), leptin (LEP), leptin receptors (LEPR), myogenic regulatory factors gene family (MRF), the protein kinase adenosine monophosphate-activated γ3-subunit (PRKAG3) and the melanocortin receptor gene family (MCR), for body growth rate and carcass composition traits towards their functional role for the genetic improvement of meat quality and efficiency of the pork production.
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