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86%
The lens originates from surface ectoderm covering the embryo’s head. The lens is composed of an acellular capsule, epithelial cells and fibers. The postnatal lens lacks vascularization and innervations. For nutrients and removal of metabolic waste products depends on the aqueous humor. The lens is comprised of 2/3 water and 1/3 protein. Two forms of proteins have been described: soluble (cristallin) and insoluble (albuminoid). Metabolism of glucose from aqueous humor provides the main source of energy for the lens, with anaerobic glycolysis pathways, being the most important. The basic function of the lens is to focus light onto the retina producing a clear, sharp image.
Certain pathologic conditions lead to a loss of corneal transparency. It may lead to visual disturbance. One method of the treatment can be conventional allogenic corneal transplants (penetrating or non -penetrating keratoplasty). In veterinary ophthalmology the logistics of obtaining corneal donor tissue are complicated. Another problem with getting a transplant from a dog is that the cornea may turn into scar tissue during the healing process. No Eye Bank exist for dog. Many conditions are associated with significant corneal stromal vascularization and infiltration, that contribute to graft rejection. Thus, artificial cornea would seem to represent an ideal for many blinding corneal condition in the dog. Artificial corneal implants are somewhat common in humans. They have been performed for several years. It has taken time for the procedure to take place in dogs.
A specimen of an unidentified parasite was taken out of the eye ball of an 8-year-old boy hospitalized in April 1964. A detailed analysis of the parasite showed that in was the Ist larval stage of Hypoderma bovis. The conservative treatment was unsuccessful and the eye ball, largely domaged by the parasite, had to be removed.
Standardized systems of terminology, classification, and the OTS scale are very helpful for the ophthalmologist (enable counseling, research, designing and comparing methods of treatment in different types of eye trauma), the patient (anxiety relief, economical decisions), and for the society (designing methods of prevention and rehabilitation of severe eye trauma).
The views on the ways of migration of Diplostomum cercaria from body surface to fish eyeball, among them about the ways of parasites dislocation through the tissues, beginning from the penetration to host body - was presented. The hypothesis on passive in-coming transport of cercaria by the circulatory system of fish was questioned; on the other hand it has been argued active penetration of parasites through tissues, according to the hypothesis of cercaria migration stimulated by the respective concentration of carbonate anhydrasis in host. It has been stated that migrations of cercaria to fish eyeball may be different depending on the penetrations place of parasite on body host.
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Tonometria - pomiar ciśnienia śródocznego

72%
Tonometry should be a routine component of an ophtalmic examination. It is an essential examination providing rapid diagnosis, especially for glaucoma or uveitis. Tonometry is noninvasive and quick and allows to take up the right treatment. To messure the intraocular pressure Schiǿtz tonometer, Tono-pen, Tonovet and air-puff tonometers can be used. Tono-pen and Tonovet are the manual devices most widely used in veterinary ophtalmology
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58%
Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body by active secretion and filtration of plasma. Most of the aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber, through the pupil, to the anterior chamber, and exit at the iridocorneal angle into the intrascleral venous plexus. The balance between formation and drainage maintains intraocular pressure. In glaucoma the pressure in the eye increased. Prolonged or recurrent elevation of intraocular pressure lead to degeneration of the retina and optic nerve. The presence of a “red eye”, corneal edema, mydriasis, blepharospasm, blidness, and buphtalmos can be seen. Pupillary light reflex may be slow or absent. Glaucoma is divided into primary (including congenital) and secondary categories. The iridocorneal angle may be open, narrow or closed in either type. The primary glaucoma in cats is a heredietary condition. Secondary glaucoma is more commonly encountered than primary. Secondary glaucoma is most frequently due to severe anterior uveitis or iris melanoma. The elevation of intraocular pressure results from other disease processes within the eye. Feline aqueous humor misdirection syndrome is a unique form of glaucoma seen in cats. Aqueous humor is misdirected posteriorly into the vitreous instead of anteriorly in the anterior chamber. The objectives of therapy are to maintain vision and eliminate pain by increasing aqueous outflow, decreasing aqueous production and preventing or delaying glaucoma in the other eye. Aggressive medical (topical beta-blockers and carbonic anhydraze inhibitor) and possibly surgical therapy ( YAG laser, partial vitrectomy or lens removing) is indicated if the eye still has vision. If the eye is reversibly blind enucleation procedures should be performed.
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