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Little is known about thallium behavior in the environment, especially its interactions with microorganisms such as fungi. This article evaluates basic interactions (bioaccumulation, biosorption and growth inhibition) between thallium and the common heat-resistant fungal species Neosartorya fischeri. The results suggest that the N. fischeri strain is relatively resistant to elevated concentrations of thallium in cultivation media up to 1 mg・l⁻¹. However, the toxic effect of thallium on fungal growth depends on the time of cultivation, and after 30-day cultivation growth inhibition was reduced. The bioaccumulation of thallium after 30-day cultivation by fungal strain was 35.74 mg・kg⁻¹ and 432.91 mg・kg⁻¹ for initial concentration 1.012 and 4.861 mg・l⁻¹ of Tl(I) in medium, respectively. The biosorption capacity was calculated to be 11.77 mg・kg and 62.01 mg・kg⁻¹ for initial concentration 1.012, and 4.861 mg・l⁻¹ of Tl(I) in medium, respectively.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal properties of ethanol extracts and essential oils of medicinal plants from Serbia against Candida albicans (C. albicans) ATCC 10231. Ethanol extracts of fifteen plants were investigated, and their effects were compared with those of three different essential oils. The sensitivity of C. albicans to all plants was tested by the agar dilution method. The assay plates were estimated to contain 300, 150, 75, and 37.5 µg/ml of active extracts and 100, 50, 25, and 12.5 µg/ml of active essential oils. Inocula were applied to agar surfaces, giving approximately 106 cfu/ml of C. albicans. No inhibitory effects were observed for ethanol extracts of Hypericum perforatum and Salvia officinalis (MIC > 300 µg/ml). The most effective were the ethanol extract of Aesculus hippocastanum (MIC = 37.5 µg/ml) and the essential oil of Satureja kitaibelii (MIC = 12.5 µg/ml). Other plants showed MIC from 25 to 300 µg/ml. As far as we know, the inhibitory effects of these medicinal plants against the reference strain of C. albicans have not been commonly investigated in our country. Although the essential oil of Satureja kitaibelii shows strong activity against C. albicans, these results need clinical evaluation.
Growth and sporulation of 20 single-spore isolates of Drechslera avenae grown on different agar media were investigated at 24oC and 11oC. Four different agar media were used – water agar (WA, 20 g agar x l-1), maltose-peptone agar (MPA, 20 g maltose from Difco, 2.5 g peptone, 20 g agar x l-1), potatodextrose agar (PDA, from Difco, 39 g x l-1), and rye agar (RA). The isolates were evaluated in respect of growth, colony colour, and formation of morphological structures. The study showed differences between isolates in respect of colony growth, depending on culture conditions. Comparing macroscopic features of all D. avenae isolates tested, three groups of strains formed equal colonies and four individual strains were separated. Generally, most strains, except strains number: 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 13 and 17, grew faster on all agar media at 24oC than at 11oC. In case of D. avenae isolates, hyphal growth was the fastest on MPA medium and the slowest on WA. All strains investigated produced typical conidiophores and conidia both at 24oC and 11oC, but at 24oC earlier sporulation was observed. MPA and RA were the best media for the sporulation of D. avenae strains. Sporulation of this species was the latest on WA.
The aim of this study was to determine in vitro effects of selected pesticides on the growth of fungi: Hirsutella nodulosa, H. brownorum, H. kirchneri and H. necatrix, isolated from phytophagous mites. Insecticides and herbicide were added to the medium at the following rates: 0.1; 1 and 10 times the field rate recommended by manufacturer. Fungicides were applied at the following rates: 0.01, 0.1 and 1 times the rate recommended by manufacturer. Pesticides tested in this experiment showed a strong inhibiting effects on the growth of fungi from Hirsutella genus – naturalpathogens of phytophagous mites. Among allpesticides tested, fungicides showed the strongest inhibiting effect on the growth of Hirsutella species and especially flusilazole (Punch 400 EC). Amitraz (Mitac 20 EC) and phosalone (Zolone 350 EC) were the most toxic among tested insecticides. Fungi H. necatrix and H. kirchneri isolated from eriophyid mite Abacarus hystrix were the most resistant to toxic effect of tested pesticides but H. nodulosa isolated from Tarsonemidae mite seems to be the most susceptible.
Olejek eteryczny z korzeni chrzanu (Armoracia rusticana GAERTN.) typu Mazaniec, Osjaków i Tądle wpłynął silnie hamująco na wzrost liniowy grzybni Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae (Fot) na pożywce PDA. W stężeniu 20 µg·cm⁻³ zahamowanie wzrostu grzybni wynosiło od 12 do 75% w zależności od typu chrzanu, z którego pozyskano olejek. Olejek eteryczny z korzeni chrzanu typu Tądle z Wilanowa wykazał najwyższą aktywność w ograniczaniu rozwoju Fot. Olejek eteryczny w stężeniu 260 µg·cm⁻³, niezależnie od typu chrzanu, hamował w 94-100% wzrost grzybni badanych izolatów Fot. Olejek eteryczny z korzeni chrzanu typu Tądle dodany do pożywki maltozowej w stężeniu 10 µg·cm⁻³ hamował kiełkowanie zarodników Fot. Silnie hamujący wpływ wykazał również olejek typów Mazaniec i Osjaków z Wilanowa; w stężeniu 60 µg·cm⁻³ pożywki selektywnej Komada nie notowano wyrastających kolonii Fot. Oddziaływanie związków lotnych olejku eterycznego z korzeni typu Tądle z Wielunia na podłoże zakażone Fot, drastycznie obniżyło liczbę jednostek tworzących kolonie patógena; w ilości 10 µl na 200 cm³ pojemnika z zakażonym podłożem stwierdzono brak izolacji patogena na pożywce selektywnej Komada. Związki lotne olejku eterycznego z korzeni typu Tądle z Wielunia podane bezpośrednio po 24 i 48 godzinach od inokulacji cebul tulipana krążkami agarowymi przerośniętymi grzybnią Fot ograniczały lub całkowicie hamowały rozwój fuzariozy; w ilości 40 µl na słój (1000 cm³) całkowicie hamowały rozwój choroby na cebulach, niezależnie od czasu ich oddziaływania po inokulacji cebul grzybnią patogena.
The growth of Metarhizium anisopliae, M. flavoviridae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus was estimated on Sabouraud's medium to which insecticides and herbicides were added in three doses: A - 10 times higher from recommended field dose, B - as recommended field dose, C - 10 timer lower than recommended. Fungicides were used in B and C doses as well as in dose D - 100 times lower than recomended one. The fungi were obtained from soil under potatoes using Galleria mellonella as bait insect. Chlorothalonil and copper oxychloride were chosen from fungicides, linuron, MCPA, fluazifop-P-butyl and dikwat - from herbicides and deltamethrin, teflubenzuron and fozalon from insecticides. The growth of both species of Metarhizium was stronger inhibited than of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus by fungicides however colonies of Metarhizium always overpassed 50 % controls colonies apart from M. flavoviridae on medium with copper oxychloride at concentration B. Herbicide linuron was more toxic to fungi than fungicides. M. anisopliae and M. flavoviridae did not grow on medium containing dose A and dose B this herbicide but the colonies of P. fumosoroseus at dose B did not overpass 20 % of controlled ones. MCPA and fluazifop-P-butyl inhibited fungal colonies in approximated way. On the medium with these herbicides in concentration A fungal colonies were strongly inhibited and the growth of fungi on medium with MCPA at this concentration appeared not before 5 days after inoculation. Dikwat in dose A strongly inhibited the growth of M. anisopliae but in remaining combinations growth of fungal colonies was similar to controlled ones. Fozalon, among insecticides, inhibited the growth of inwestigated fungi strongest. On the medium containing this insecticide in dose A all fungi did not grow, and in dose B colonies of both species of Metarhizium did not overpass 40 % of controlled ones. Deltamethrin in dose A and B inhibited the growth of M. anisopliae and M. flavoviridae, but teflubenzuron did not inhibit growth of entomopathogenic fungi at all concentrations.
The effect of gums formed in stone-fruit trees on the in vitro growth and development of Verticillium albo-atrum and V. dahliae cultured on Czapek Dox Agar (CzDA), Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was investigated. Addition of gums at concentration 5 mg/cm3 to all used media greatly stimulated mycelium growth of V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae and sporulation of the pathogen. Surface of colony of the pathogens after 8 days of culturing on CzDA, MEA and PDA supplemented with gums increased twice on the first two media and three fold on PDA as compare to the control.
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