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In 2004, abundant flowering of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was observed in two second- generation seed orchards: (1) ‘Outbreeding’, promoting crossing between clones of five geographically distant populations; and (2) ‘Kolonowskie’, restoring a population whose offspring exists only in an international experiment (IUFRO 1964/1968). In bothseed orchards, female strobili were produced by 91.3% and 91.7% of clones, represented by 64.1% and 55.5% of grafts, respectively, and statistically significant differences between clones were found in the number of mature cones. In the case of the seed orchard ‘Outbreeding’, the number of mature cones in individual clones was significantly correlated with latitude of the origin of maternal populations (r = 0.8826, p = 0.0470). The majority (95%) of cones in seed orchards ‘Outbreeding’ and ‘Kolonowskie’ were produced by only 28.2% and 38.5% of all clones, and 21.4% and 25.7% of all grafts, respectively. These data attest to a disparity between the level of genetic diversity in seed orchard progeny resulting from the observed numbers of cone-bearing clones and grafts and the genetic diversity expected from the actual participation of clones and grafts in seed orchard composition. The estimated seed production per 1 ha of seed orchard area in 2004 reached 21.05 kg for ‘Outbreeding’ and 21.72 kg for ‘Kolonowskie’.
The aim of study was to determine whether the volume of substrate in which miniature Cyclamen persicum cultivar from the Libretto F₁ group were cultivated, affected their growth and flowering. The research was carried out in two cycles: 6 May-4 November 2005 and 8 May-20 November 2006. Use was made of pots 9, 10, 11, 12 cm diameter and respective volumes of 270, 340, 500 and 721 cm³. The substrate employed was highmoor peat limed to pH of 6.0 and enriched with 3 g of a slow-release fertilizer Hydrocote 3-4 M (13-13-13) per 1 dm³. The cyclamen seedlings were planted in pots in the 19th week of 2005 and 2006. Two weeks from the planting they started to be fertilized weekly with solutions of Kristalon fertilizers. The diameter, number of leaves and fresh matter of aerial parts of plants grown in the smallest, 9-cm, pots were significantly smaller than in those growing in pots of 10-12 cm diameter. Flowering started earlier in cyclamens grown in 9- and 12-cm pots than in 10- and 11-cm pots, but the number of flowers in the latter group was greater.
The results presented in this paper relate to the time and duration of flowering of highbush blueberry as well as fruit set in the conditions of flower isolation and free visitation by pollinating insects. Observations were carried out in the years 2001- 2004 at a plantation located in Niemce near the city of Lublin. Six cultivars: ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Bluejay’, ‘Croatan’, ‘Darrow’, ‘Northland’ and ‘Spartan’, were covered by the study. The flowering period of the studied highbush blueberry cultivars was in May in three years of study, whereas in 2004 in May and June. Depending on the year, it lasted from 14 up to 21 days, on the average. Significant differences were found in the life span of a single flower which, depending on the cultivar and conditions prevailing during flowering, bloomed from 5 up to 10 days (the average for all the years for all the cultivars). With free access of pollinating insects, highbush blueberry set an average of 92 false-berries per 100 flowers, whereas only 40 during spontaneous self-pollination under the isolating cover. In each year of study, irrespective of atmospheric conditions prevailing during flowering as well as the time and duration of flowering, fruit set of the investigated cultivars in flowers freely accessible to pollinating insects should be considered to be good or very good.
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