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Ecological traits of Erica carnea L. flowers and the morphology of floral nectaries were investigated using stereoscopic, light and scanning electron microscopy. The nectary in the flowers of Erica carnea is located in the basal part of the ovary. It represents the gynoecial nectary type. It has the form of a yellow, ribbed ring with eight outgrowths, pointed towards the base, which alternately adjoin the stamen filaments. The height of the nectary is 400 μm and its thickness 200 – 250 μm. The parenchyma of the nectary is composed of 6 – 8 layers. Nectar secretion occurs through anomocytic stomata with a diameter of 17 μm. Guard cells are only found on the outgrowths of the nectary and they are situated most frequently at the level of other epidermal cells. During nectar secretion, a small degree of pore opening was observed. In the flowers of Erica carnea, secondary nectar presentation was found, with the nectar accumulating at the base of the fused corolla.
In Solanum muricatum Aiton the general flower structure was typical for Solanaceae. The anther wall comprised the epidermis, endothecium (restricted to the anther tip), 3-4 middle layers and secretory tapetum. Placentoids developed in the anther loculi. Tapetum degeneration was noted in buds with the corolla shorter than the calyx, while loculi were filled with microspore tetrads. At the next stage (corolla even with calyx) pollen grains were visible. The anthers opened with tip pores in the still-closed buds, and then at anthesis the stomium split along the hypodermal row of idioblasts. Inhibition of pollen tube growth in vivo was not observed under self- or cross-pollination.
In vitro placental pollination can be employed to overcome barriers of self-incompatibility and cross-incompatibility. Pollen grains of self-incompatible plants are capable of germinating directly on ovules, and the whole process of sexual reproduction can be accomplished. In some combinations of crosses, direct pollination of ovules enables prezygotic incompatibility barriers to be overcome. As a result, hybrid embryos or even hybrid plants can develop, depending on the partners crossed. Pollen grains germinate abundantly on immature ovules irrespective of the stage of megasporogenesis or megagametogenesis, and their tubes can penetrate the integuments and the nucellus cells. Preliminary investigations revealed that pollen grains of seven selected species of gymnosperms germinated on ovules of various species of Angiospermae. Embryological analysis of ovules of Melandrium album fixed 3 days after pollination with pollen of Pinus wallihiana revealed the presence of remnants of pollen tubes and 2-celled embryos in the embryo sacs. Those preliminary observations have not been described heretofore.
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