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The rat is the most frequently used animal in scientific inquiry conducted for the purpose of advancing basic knowledge that may lead to an improvement in the results of treatment. Understanding of the pharmacological properties of inhalation anaesthetics, in combination with monitoring of their concentration in the inspired and end-tidal gas, together provide safe and precise control of the depth of the anaesthesia. However, accurate application of the inhalation method of anaesthesia requires special equipment for the delivery and effective scavenging of inhalation anaesthetics.
Dust on gravel roads is reduced through the application of various dust minimization materials, most frequently calcium chloride. However, global efforts have been intensified to find new effective materials that cause the least damage to the environmental. One of them is Safecote, a new patented product. In 2008 measurements were performed on the gravel road Jusevičiai-Būdvietis-Derviniai, which was treated with calcium chloride. Experiments of particulate matter concentrations in the air, when gravel road pavement was treated with a mixture of calcium chloride and Safecote, were carried out in the summer of the same year. As the findings of the experimental investigation of particulate matter concentrations in the air show, the concentration of particulate matter on the gravel road treated with calcium chloride alone reached, on average, 1.90 mg/m³, while on that treated with the mixture was 0.40 mg/m³.
Emissions by rail transport account for around 1% of total pollutant emissions. The greatest negative influence on human health is made by PM, NOx, and others pollutants. Our article describes the methodology for measuring emissions (CO, NOx, PM, and CH) into the air by rolling stock on which the experimental measurements of emissions are based. Comparison of emissions by the stock company Lietuvos geležinkeliai old (TEP70BS), re-motorized (2M62K), modernized (2M62M, ČME3ME, ČME3MG), and new (ER20CF) locomotives, railcars (620 M), and diesel trains (RA-2) into the atmosphere is carried out. As the study carried out in 2009 shows, the tested emissions into the air by diesel locomotive engines (pollutant kg/fuel ton) decreased significantly (up to 40%) when compared to the study carried out in 2003. Emissions of sulphur dioxide into the air from rolling stock in 2009 significantly decreased against 2003 as the allowable sulphur content in diesel fuel decreased from 0.2% to 0.001%.
The problem of sluice gate flow is analyzed using two models: a simplified one, derived according to the concept of the Potential Field (PF), and a more complex form, based on the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The numerical solution is compared with experimental data, including measurements performed by authors and results acquired from literature. Despite its simplicity, the PF model provides a satisfactory agreement with the measurements. The slightly worse performance of the RANS model comes from an overestimation of energy losses.
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