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Leaf phenology has been considered to evolve to maximize plant carbon gains, and it reflects plant life history strategies. To determine the effect of leaf traits on leaf phenology, leaf emergence (such as timing of leaf emergence, leaf expansion rate, durations of leaf expansion), leaf traits (leaf mass per area – LMA and leaf size), and their relationships were investigated for 40 woody species from 13 families in an evergreen broad-leaved forest, southeast China. Compared with understorey shrubs (23 species), trees species (17 species) were significantly later in timing of leaf emergence, greater in leaf area and leaf expansion rate. This is assumed to be a strategy for large-leaved tree species to decrease damage during leaf expansion. In terms of leaf size, the small-leaved species leafed out earlier than the species with large leaves, but the largeleaved species were greater in leaf expansion rate than their counterparts. Leaf expansion rate was positively correlated with leaf area and timing of leaf emergence. Leaf herbivore rate was positively correlated with leaf area and leaf expansion period, but negatively with LMA. These results suggest that large- and small-leaved species possibly employed different strategies to minimize herbivore damage. Small-leaved species avoid defoliator damage by early leafing, while largeleaved species have shorter expansion times and thereby shorten vulnerable time to herbivores. In general, dynamics of emergence and expansion of the woody species in the study forest indicate that the leaf phenology is of significance for species’ carbon gain and survival.
The richness and diversity of filamentous fungi associated with the decomposition of leaf litter of three tree species (Castanopsis accuminatissima, Styrax benzoides, and Dipterocarpus (grancilis) in evergreen tropical forest in the northeast of Thailand were studied at 6 and 12 months after leaf fall. A total of 125 taxa were identified through examining 4,362 isolates. These comprised 6 species of Zygomycetes, 19 species of Ascomycetes, 62 species of Deuteromycetes, and 38 taxa of unidentified sterile mycelium. Each decaying stage of leaf litter had a different composition of taxonomic groups. The average percent similarity between fungi assemblages of different species litter and of decomposition stage ranged between 37–44% and 6–13%, respectively. The majority of fungal taxa found had a low frequency of occurrence. Six month decaying leaves had the highest number (2,093) of fungal isolates but the fungal taxa number (35) was much lower than in freshly fallen leaves and equal to 12 month decaying leaves. The freshly fallen leaves gave the lowest number (1,103) of isolates but the number (69) of fungal taxa was much higher than that found in the 6 month and 12 month decaying leaves. The most dominant fungal taxon was Trichoderma koningii. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed that the initial diversity (H’) of fungal taxa from freshly fallen leaves was the highest and equals to 2.9, 2.8 and 3.0 in C. accuminatissima, S. benzoides, and D. (grancilis) respectively.
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