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Economic and environmental aspects of generating energy from renewable sources in various forms: thermal, electric and mechanical have been presented in this article. Utilization of those resources and their promotion has been imposed on us by the climate convention but substantial level of pollution in large cities of our country contributed to that as well. RES share in the production of electricity and heating in Poland is regulated centrally by the directive of Minister of Economy. RES utilization is gradually becoming more rational in our country. It levels the prices of biomass for energy sector which has a visible impact on the level of round wood prices in Poland.
The article discusses direct and indirect aspects of brewing production in German companies registered with EMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme). It also includes a classification of pro-environmental activities in breweries by individual aspects, i.e. water, sewage, waste, energy and noise. The presented data result from the analysis of environmental statements of the studied breweries. The analysis indicates that the implementation of EMAS by the studied breweries has encouraged companies to introduce projects and investments which have contributed to a reduction of their negative impact on the environment and to a more economical use of a number of factors of production. Consequently, there has been a decrease in production and distribution costs.
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Molecular and environmental aspects of skin cancers

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Skin cancers are one of the most common cancers in the Caucasian population. A constantly increasing number of nonmelanoma skin cancers and malignant melanomas is observed. The incidence of skin cancers is associated mainly with exposure to sunlight. Therefore, agricultural workers who work in open spaces are a particularly vulnerable group. Currently, studies on the pathogenesis of skin cancer focus on the molecular basis associated with ultraviolet radiation. This study is an attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge on this issue. There have been demonstrated mutations in different classes of genes associated with carcinogenesis, including protooncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, genes that control apoptosis, genes encoding transcription factors and DNA repair genes in patients with skin cancers. Mutations in the latter result in reducing the effectiveness of DNA repair and fixation of mutations. All changes at the gene level lead to structural changes, quantitative and dysfunction of proteins encoded by these genes. All these factors contribute to the process of carcinogenesis. Due to increasing number of skin cancers, it seems important to increase knowledge of the molecular basis of skin cancers. This knowledge could be crucial for predicting the course of the disease, and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
The article presents information concerning the function of organic matter in soil, natural factors affecting the content of organic matter in soils, environmental aspects and management of current problems in managing soil matter in agriculture. On the basis of author’s own research and review of subject literature the results of several years of experience on the dynamics of changes and quality of organic matter in soil have been presented. Results of indicators of the organic matter in agricultural soils indicate a wide variation of humus content (0.5-10%). The average content of this substance in our soils is 2.2% (Stuczyński et al., 2007). The aim of this article is to pay special attention to broadening the scope of research on organic matter in order to develop norms that may be necessary when developing prevention programs targeted at reducing the content of organic matter in soils, in light of the increasing acreage crops in monocultures and reducing the use of natural fertilizers in agriculture. It is also necessary to draw attention to a broader perception of soil fertility from the environmental perspective, especially in order for the increase of the humus content through various agro-technical actions not to worsen quality of water, of food and of feed.
There has been a growing interest over the last years in techniques using alternative and pharmaceutical plants due to their wide potential applications. These species are characterised by valuable and multidirectional usable features, due to which their practical application is superior to their physiognomic features. These plants may provide a raw material for production of medicines, cosmetics or may be used for animal feeds. Moreover they may be used as ornamental, melliferous and energy plants. Owing to their generally low soil requirements they are used in the reclamation of degraded land. Among the species characterized by multidirectional use are Silphium perfoliatum, Helichrysum arenarium and Stevia rebaudiana. These plants are characterized by a high content of active compounds and a number of pro-health characteristics. Because raw materials for production of medicines and cosmetics should be standardized, cultures maintained under controlled conditions are a good source of seedlings.
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The paper presents some environmental impacts caused by two important factors of physical degradation of the soil, i.e., soil surface sealing/crusting phenomena and soil compaction. It can be concluded that despite numerous literature on the subject as well as the Authors' own data collected in model laboratory and field experiments, it is still difficult to judge to what extent the effects of those two processes are negative for both the soil environment and the plant growth.
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Fertilizer recommendations-environmental aspects

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The author presents the main frame of a recommendation system worked out in RISSAC in the last years. The basis of this system is a description of the main processes in the soils, i.e., water balances, soil physical and chemical processes. The author also presents some data about the environmental effects of intensive land use.
W krajach Unii Europejskiej - w celu pogodzenia funkcji produkcyjnej, śro­dowiskowej oraz działań nakierowanych na dywersyfikacje produkcji rolniczej wprowa­dzono nową koncepcję europejskiego modelu rolnictwa - Agenda 2000. Polega ona na: mo­dernizacji i zmianie struktur gospodarstw rolnych w celu podniesienia ich dochodowości, ochronie i zachowaniu walorów przyrodniczo-krajobrazowych oraz rozwoju infrastruktury technicznej i społecznej wsi. Narzędziem realizacji wielofunkcyjnego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich są między innymi prace scaleniowe gruntów. W Polsce zabieg scalenia gruntów definiowany jest przez ustawę o scalaniu i wymianie gruntów z 26 marca 1982 r. oraz Pol­ską Normę PN-R-04151:1997. Dokumentem mówiącym o przekształceniach polskiej wsi jest opracowana przez Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi (dalej: MRiRW) „Strategia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich na lata 2007-2013". Wskazuje ona na rozwój ekonomicz­ny podnoszący atrakcyjność obszarów wiejskich oraz na zrównoważenie tego rozwoju, z uwzględnieniem zasad zachowania równowagi środowiska naturalnego, dziedzictwa kul­turowego, a także zagospodarowania gruntów marginalnych. W opracowaniu została doko­nana na przykładzie obrębu Klimki gmina Łuków analiza projektu scalenia gruntów, pod kątem realizacji wielofunkcyjnego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich, szczególnie w zakresie aspektów związanych z ochroną środowiska. Omówiono poprawę systemu melioracji pól uprawnych oraz realizację stref buforowych, zadrzewień i granicy rolno-leśnej. W krajach Unii Europejskiej model rolnictwa uwzględnia konieczność wielofunkcyjnego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Przyczynia się do możliwości ochrony środowiska, kształto­wania krajobrazu rolniczego oraz zapewnia alternatywne źródła dochodu. W Polsce regula­cje prawne i założenia formalne dają możliwości realizacji idei wielofunkcyjnego rozwoju, jednak nie wszystkie elementy są rozwiązane w sposób wystarczający, szczególnie w pra­cach scaleniowych. In order to reconcile agricultural production and environmental aims, as well as allow for the diversification of agricultural production, the countries of the European Union introduced a new concept for the European Model of Agriculture - Agenda 2000. The model involves modernising and changing the of structures of agricultural farms to increase profitability, to protect and preserve the value of the natural landscape, and to de­velop the technical and social infrastructure in rural areas. Land consolidation is an impor­tant tool to implement the multifunctional development of rural areas, and corresponding land consolidation reforms have been introduced. In Poland, land consolidation legislation is defined by the act on land consolidation and exchange of 26 March 1982, and Polish Standard PN-R-04151:1997. The document specifying the reallocation of Polish rural areas is "The strategy of development of rural areas for the years 2007-2013", prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture and Development of Rural Areas. The document consists of: eco­nomic development to increase the attractiveness of rural areas and sustainable economic development which retains the balance of the natural environment, cultural heritage, and marginal land management. One land consolidation project to implement multifunctional development of a rural area was analyzed using the example of the village of Łuków. This paper presents the improvement of the arable field melioration system and the execution of buffer zones, tree planting, and agriculture-forest boundaries. In the countries of the European Union, the existing model of agricultural production re­veals the need for multifunctional development of rural areas, which will aid in the protec­tion of the environment and reshape the agricultural landscape and also provide opportuni­ties for alternative sources of income. Polish legal regulations and formal assumptions have enacted the implementation of the multifunctional development model, but not all elements have been dealt with in a sufficient manner, especially concerning land consolidation.
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Soils represent a considerable part of the natural resources of Hungary. Consequently, rational and sustainable land use and proper management ensuring normal soil functions have particular significance in the Hungarian national economy, and soil conservation is an important element of environment protection.
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