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The aim of study was to characterize Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) commercial stands and their influence on the forest floor plant communities. Study plots were performed in different regions of the Czech Republic. In total 44 plots were arranged in older Douglas fir stands with well developed forest floor vegetation. For the comparison, the study plots were also established in Norway spruce and broad−leaved tree species (beech, linden, oak) stands. Compared to other studied species, the main effect of Douglas fir on plants was noted in higher share of nitrophilous species.
There are no original local yield tables for Douglas fir stands grown in Poland. In the presented study we attempted to answer the question whether it is possible to successfully use the German yield tables for Douglas fir developed by Bergel [1985]. Based on the data from these yield tables we developed the height growth model (site index curves) for Douglas fir in the form of the polymorphic equation with variable asymptotes. This model appeared to be, as expected, far better than the anamorphic model. We applied the elaborated equation for calculation of the site index for 63 randomly selected research plots located on the typical Douglas fir habitat types (fresh mixed broadleaved forest and fresh broadleaved forest) in western Poland. We concluded that the mean site index values are significantly higher in younger stands than in the older ones. To determine the reason for this phenomenon, we tested the resulting model using the published data from the permanent research plots. We found out that the pattern of site index changes with age varies for stands in different age classes. Moreover, we noticed, that regardless the age of the stand, in the recent decades there is the increasing height growth rate, which can be attributed to the change in environmental conditions. On the other hand, the analysis of the other characteristics of the sample plots revealed, that there is no significant relationship between site index values and site and plot location, as well as between the productivity level, expressed by the value of the EN coefficient, and age class, site and location of the stand. Bergel yield tables can be used in Polish conditions taking into account the age−dependency of the site index values.
Sylwan
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2017
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tom 161
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nr 03
The objective of the study was to analyse the site index (SI) of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands in relation to the forest habitat type, soil type and relief characteristics. We utilised information available in the Information System of the State Forests in Poland that included selected parameters describing habitat conditions and dendrometric characteristics of Douglas fir stands. In total, processed data referred to 863 stands with a total area of 1,644.45 ha. As the SI distribution was not consistent with the normal one (Shapiro−Wilk test, p <0.0001) we applied Kruskal−Wallis or Mann−Whitney tests to assess the significance of observed differences. Site index of surveyed stands ranged from 19.9 to 47.8 m, 32.6 m on average (standard deviation of 3.3 m). Douglas fir in northern and southern Poland characterized by higher SI than in western and south−western part of the country (HK−W=83.5; p<<0.001; fig. 2). Forest habitat type significantly distinguished analysed stands (HK−W=30.1; p<<0.001). The highest SI values were observed for mixed deciduous habitats (fig. 3). For more fertile fresh deciduous habitats Douglas fir achieved slightly lower site index, while the least fertile mixed coniferous habitats are characterized by significantly lower SI. Habitat moisture variant had no significant effect on the average SI values (HK−W=2.6; p=0.269). The highest values were found in strongly fresh habitats (32.8 ±4.1 m), while the lowest in the humid variant (31.7 ±3.4 m). We found significant influence of soil type (HK−W=23.2, p<0.001) even though the average SI values for each category were relatively similar (fig. 4). The highest values were observed for Cambisols (33.3 ±3.7 m), while the lowest for Arenosols (32.1 ±3.0 m). Particle size distribution is an important factor for Douglas fir site index (tab.). We found that the heavier material (the higher the content of silt and clay), the significantly higher SI values (HK−W =16.9; p=0.001). Mean SI for stands growing on former farmlands (32.0 ±3.3 m) and on forest areas (32.7 ±3.3 m) were not significantly different (ZM−W=1.73; p=0.084). There was no significant effect of the relief forms on site index surveyed Douglas fir stands apart from the fact that stands growing on slopes are characterized by significantly higher SI (ZM−W=1.99; p=0.047).
Phytosociological relevés from a natural acidophilous oak forest Calamagrostio−Quercetum, as well as Scots pine, Douglas fir and beech plantations located in the same habitat were analysed. Our investigations did not confirm the negative effect of Scots pine on biodiversity. We observed a decline of species number with the decrease of light availability. The undergrowth biodiversity in the oak forest was reduced by the presence of beech the most. The observed quantitative and qualitative differences among the compared forests resulted from the combined effects of light availability, the character of plant litter, agrotechnical works, as well as dispersal abilities of plant species.
Since the beginning of XIX century a considerable number of Douglas fir populations from North America were introduced to many European countries. In France, Douglas fir is still going to increase significantly its participation in growing stock and wood harvest. There are also some countries (e.g. the Netherlands), where the interest in breeding and silviculture of Douglas fir have been decreased in last decades. The data from the European literature was collected to show a current volume stock, growth increment, gene resources and qualified seed sources of Douglas fir in the outlook of the future role of the species in European forest economy. A short outlook on the breeding programs of Douglas fir working out in several European countries was also presented.
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