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This article shows the characteristics of spatial differentiation of level and dynamics of socio-economic development of rural areas in Poland. The Authors try to define typical directions of the development of gminas and look for an answer to the question: what, and what gminas’ features, determine the direction of development? The analysis presented in the paper has been based on the data originating from the Rural Development Monitoring Project. The results showed the differentiation of the development level to be a part of very dynamic contemporary reality. Criteria up to this date documented in research and arranging spatial diversity of social and economic phenomena apply specifically to description of the development’s level, while dynamics is being arranged by a different criteria. Moreover, the research describes four basic profiles of the dynamics of gminas’ development.
Małopolskie voivodship (according to the National Census, 31.03.2011) was inhabited by 3337,5 thousand people. This fact settled the voivodship on the fourth position in the ranking with respect to the size of the population after Mazowieckie, Śląskie and Wielkoposkie voivodship. At the same time one can notice that this population constitutes 8,7% of the total number of people in the country. In the cities of Małopolska there were 1641 thousand people (7% of city population in Poland and the fifth position after Śląskie, Mazowieckie, Dolnośląskie and Wielkopolskie voivodships). Rural areas were inhabited by 1696,5 thousand people, which constituted 11,2% of the total population of rural areas in Poland. This placed the voivodship on second position after Mazowieckie voivodship in the ranking with respect to the size of rural population. Since last National Census (2002) Małopolska population has increased by 105,1 thousand people, that is 3.3%. It was the second – after Pomorskie voivodship (4,4%) rate of increase of the number of people. Over this period the number of people in the whole country increased only by 0,7% on average. The increase of the number of people concerned both cities and rural areas in Małoopolska. In case of cities the estimated increase was merely 0,9%, but on average the number of people inhabiting cities dropped by 0,9%.The increase of number of people in case of rural areas was much more significant – it reached the level of 5,7% (3,3% in the whole country). The number of people in rural areas increased systematically generally due to high migration from cities and positive natural growth. According to M. Małopolskie voivodship has a very large number of small farms. On the other hand, the number of people living from farming has been constantly decreasing, which is parallel to processes taking place in the whole country. [Bogusz, Paluch 2011].
The objective of this study was to investigate the developmental dynamics of proteolytic and ammonification bacteria at different variants of manure application under maize (Zea mays L.). The trials were conducted at the Swadzim Experimental-Didactic Station (52°26’ N; 16°44’ E) which belongs to the University of Life Sciences in Pozna. The experiment was established in accordance with the random block design method and comprised 14 soil objects, each in four replications. The investigations were singlefactorial and the factor levels comprised 8 methods of manure application in the case of maize grown for silage and 6 methods, when maize was grown for seeds. Proteolytic and ammonification bacteria numbers depended on the method of manuring and the date of the performed analyses. The highest numbers of proteolytic microorganisms under maize cultivated for silage were observed during the phase of emergence in the combination of winter catch crop (rye + vetch). In the case of maize cultivated for seeds, the highest number of protein-degrading microorganisms was recorded during the phase of emergence in the combination of crop rotation with wheat.
Subject and purpose of work: Ukraine’s dynamics by the competitiveness indicators shows the low macroeconomic status and insufficient innovative business climate, yet it doesn’t contradict the opportunities of economic growth. The research is devoted to adaptation of theoretical and applied organizational models of economy growth on the grounds of innovative entrepreneurship development, activation of public-private partnership and functioning of crowdsourcing virtual configuration of commercial and non-commercial social entities. The major objective of the paper is to examine the evolution of organizational models, to determine the tendencies of organizational renovation of economic system based on scientific and technological progress and to outline the directions of improving the efficiency of organizational-institutional transformations in Ukrainian economy. Materials and methods: The research is based on universal methods of formal logic and scientific abstraction, basics of innovation science, investment science and institutional economics, systemic, structural-functional and synergetic approaches as well as information sources of World Economic Forum. Results: The authors’ hypothesis about the correspondence of organizational models to the stages of society’s innovative development is verified. General positioning of Ukrainian economic system in investment-driven classifications is confirmed, аnd activation of mass collaboration model is emphasized in the sector of innovative entrepreneurship. Conclusions: In order to increase the efficiency of organizational-institutional transformations, the concept of bureaucracy-type administrative management is suggested to be reoriented towards the use of adhocratic model with the elements of virtual communication and total digitalization. Social effect of mass collaborati
The authors investigated the impact of different sewage sludge doses on the developmental dynamics of soil microorganisms as well as on soil respiration activity. The following soil combinations were employed: control (soil + NPK), 2 t d.m. of sewag sludge·ha⁻¹·year⁻¹ + NPK, 4 t d.m. sewage sludge·ha⁻¹·year⁻¹ + NPK and 8 t d.m. sewage sludge·ha⁻¹·year⁻¹ + NPK. The experiments were carried out in field conditions. During the first year of analyses, winter rye was used as the test plant, while in the second year rye was replaced by potatoes as test plants. Soil samples for analyses were collected during the consecutive plant developmental stages and, using the plate method, the total numbers of bacteria, fungi as well as pathogenic bacteria from the Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli genera were determined. In addition, using the absorption method, the amount of CO₂ released from the soil was also ascertained. On the basis of the obtained results it was found that the introduction into the soil of organic matter in the form of sewage sludge failed to cause any statistically significant changes in the total counts of bacteria and fungi. Moreover, pathogenic bacteria were found in the examined soils (Salmonella sp., Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli) and they persisted in the soils even after 66 (Salmonella sp.) and 94 days (Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli) of analyses. The analysis of the CO₂ released on the control plot and on other soil treatments showed that the fertilization of soils with sewage sludge resulted in a slight increase of their respiration activities in relation to the control.
The study material comprised 3889 foetuses of both sexes, aged 20–42 weeks. t-Student test has been applied to evaluate the existence of potential sex-dependent differentiation of developmental trends as assessed by weekly measurements of selected somatic features and by the weight of internal organs. The regression coefficients of the analysed variables have been compared against the opposite sex. The rate of development of the analysed features in consecutive weeks has been found to be sex-related. Highest sex-related differences have been observed for the total body weight and for the weight of internal organs, with the exception of the adrenals, and the differences have been significant enough to justify the existence of contrasting, sex-dependent patterns of development of the analysed variables. The development of the analysed morphological features has been depicted by curvilinear regression. When described by various degree polynomials the development course of the analysed features displays sex-related differences. Only the change in the weight of the adrenals is similar for both sexes. The evaluation of the developmental advancement of the analysed features has revealed that they are usually at a more advanced development level in female foetuses.
In Poland, it has been found so far about 260 species of plant and fungi parasitic nematodes. Among the nematodes feeding on plants there are species that have the status of quarantine pests. Before taking the decision to control nematodes, it is necessary to identify the pest species. The identification of nematodes is difficult because of the paucity of easily scorable diagnostic morphological characters. Consequently, molecular identification tools could solve this problem. For molecular identification of species are suitable different PCR-based methods, DNA barcoding and DNA microarrays. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (COI) gene is one of the most popular markers for species identification across the animal kingdom. Species identification based on COI sequence received name DNA barcoding. DNA microarrays, first created 20 years ago, are well established and able to differentiate hundreds of specimens simultaneously. Microarray technologies, which involve hybridization of short specific probes to target DNA and subsequent detection of the hybridization signal, have been widely used as diagnostic tools.
The aim of the study was to test the usefulness of split rhizotrone technique to investigate the effect of localized soil anoxia on root and shoot developement, using maize as a test plant. The experiment was performed in 6 split rhizotrons enabling differentiation of soil aeration status in each half of the rhizotron by blowing nitrogen or air through them. The rhizotrone consists of two parts (each 16.6 dm3 in volume) inclined with an angle 60°. Each part is constructed of 1 mm thick stainless steel plate with a glass inner wall for root observation and has dimensions 84 cm x 40.5 cm x 5.0 cm. The rhizotrons were filled in with a brown loess soil material (Eutric Camhisol) from Ap horizon (from Eli/6wka, near Lublin). Maize seedlings with the roots splitted between the rhizotrone halves (eukivars KLG 2210 and DEA) were used in the experiments. Until the stress period the soil moisture tension of 20-80 kPa provided good water and air conditions. At a stage of 8 leaves three treatments were applied for a period of 7 days; an oxic control (P/P), a localized anoxia with 50% of the roots in nitrogen treated part (P/A), and a complete anoxia (A/A) with gas nitrogen in both parts. During the stress period diurnal elongation rates of primary roots (by marking positions of the tips each day) as well as distribution of two indicators of soil oxygenation status with depth viz. of oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and of redox potential (Eh) in soil were measured. Shoot elongation rates were monitored with a potentiometer attached to the youngest leaf. Microscopic photographs of cross- sections of the caps and of apical meristems of primary roots at 400 magnification were made to show the changes in their anatomy due to anoxia. Chemical analysis of the shoots was performed after the stress period. For each cultivar the experiment was repeated three times. The investigations performed allowed the following conclusions to be drown out: 1. The split rhizotrone was shown to be a useful technique to study behaviour of the primary maize roots under localized anoxia conditions. 2. The ODR and Eh distribution with depth showed deterioration of oxygenation status (drop of ODR from control values above 100 |µg m-2 s-1 to the level 30 µg m-2 s-1, decrease of Eh from control values above 550 mV to the level, 300 mV) due to replacement of the soil air with gaseous nitrogen. 3. Root elongation rates under anoxic conditions (both under complete - A/A, and localized - A/P anoxia) were on the level of about 50% of the controle (P/P) during first 4 days and decreased practically to zero by the end of the stress period. In turn, the oxic part of the rhizotrone combined with localized anoxia treatment of the same plant (P/A) exhibited compensation effect and was characterized by stimulation of the root elongation rate up to 80%. This effect was especially distinct after 2-5 days of the stress duration and then tended to decrease. 4Distribution of the root mass in depth under anoxic treatments was characterized by concentration of about 80% of the root mass within first 10 cm of the soil. 5.Microscopic photographs of the root tips showed, under anoxic conditions, shorter meristematic zone, smaller number of mitosis, beginning of aerenchyma formation and dying of the cells at a distance of 1 mm from the root cap. 6.The shoots responded to applying anoxia to both rhizotrone parts by 20% reduction of the growth rate. 7.Both root and shoot elongation rates were correlated also with the temperature. 8.Oxygen deficiency in soil resulted in an increase of exchangeable manganese, what was reflected by its increased concentration in the maize shoots.
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