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Substrate yield-forming properties and their impact on common mushroom yields were evaluated in the course of the performed experiments. All substrates for mushroom cultivation were characterised by considerable variability of yield-forming characteristics. The following yield-forming factors in mushroom cultivation were analysed: weight of substrate in kg·m-2 of cultivation area, the method of substrate preparation, substrate moisture content at filling of the cultivation chamber, amount of substrate dry matter in kg·m-2 of cultivation area, ammonia concentration in phase II substrate after pasteurisation. The highest mushroom yields were obtained from phase III substrate. An increase of the substrate dry matter per square metre of cultivation area by 1% led to a significant increase in the yield of mushrooms.
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W doświadczeniu z mieszanką zbożową dwóch odmian pszenżyta jarego Gabo i Wanad uwzględniono dwa czynniki: I. Sposób siewu odmian pszenżyta jarego A. siew czysty odmia-ny Wanad, B. siew czysty odmiany Gabo, C–G. – siewy mieszane odmian Wanad i Gabo; II. Sposób pielęgnowania łanu pszenżyta jarego: a) mechaniczny – bronowanie posiewne oraz w fazie szpilkowa-nia i w fazie 4-5 liści pszenżyta jarego, b) mechaniczno-chemiczny – bronowanie posiewne oraz w fazie szpilkowania i w fazie 4-5 liści pszenżyta jarego, a także dodatkowo stosowanie herbicydu, retardanta i fungicydu, c) chemiczny – aplikacja środków ochrony roślin. Siewy mieszane odmian pszenżyta jarego – Wanad i Gabo plonowały istotnie wyżej niż w uprawie jednoodmianowej Najkorzystniej plonowały mieszanki odmian złożone co najmniej w 50% z odmiany Wanad. Łączna uprawa odmian pszenżyta jarego korzystnie wpłynęła na kształtowanie się takich parametrów łanu i kłosa badanej rośliny uprawnej, jak: masa ziaren w kłosie, liczba kłosów na 1 m2 i wyleganie roślin. Plon ziarna pszenżyta jarego istotnie różnicowały również metody pielęgnowania zasiewów. Największy plon ziarna uzyskano na obiekcie pielęgnowanym metodą chemiczną (4,68 t·ha-1), istotnie mniejszy w warunkach pielęgnacji mechanicz-no-chemicznej (4,34 t·ha-1), a najmniejszy w przypadku pielęgnacji mechanicznej (4,11 t·ha-1).
Salvia horminum L.) ‘Oxford Blue’ was grown from transplants or it was direct seeded. Four sowing dates were applied: 15 March or 30 March – in a greenhouse, in order to obtain transplants, 13 April, 27 April and 11 May – sown directly into the ground. Three plant densities were applied: 25 plants x m2, 16 plants x m2, 12 plants x m2. It was found that Horminum sage can be grown from transplants or direct seeded. The cultivation from transplants is more advantageous due to the earlier flowering of plants, by about two weeks, and a better quality of inflorescences evaluated in terms of their length and size of bracteoles. Direct sowing of Horminum sage at two-week intervals from the 2nd decade of April till the 2nd decade of May ensures that by the end of August mature inflorescence stems are obtained, ready for cutting. A delay in the date of sowing results in the development of signifi cantly shorter inflorescence stems, irrespective of the plant density. Plant density does not affect signifi cantly the length of the period of inflorescence formation and the date of flowering, but a larger spacing is favourable to plants growing big, what results in a larger fresh weight of the above-ground portion. Sage grown from transplants responses to favourable climatic conditions by the development of bigger infl orescences.
In many countries, the traditional method of growing shallots from bulbs is replaced by direct seeding in the field or by planting seedlings. The availability of shallot seed with high parameters of the sowing value is an important condition for growing shallot in larger areas. It is possible thanks to the progress in breeding and introduction into cultivation of new cultivars that produce seed stalks and seed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the sowing value of seed of the true-breeding cultivar ‘Toto’, when this seed is obtained by planting steckling bulbs (bulb-to-seed method) and by using the seed-to-seed method. This study, conducted in the period 2010–2012, was to evaluate some important characteristics of the seed quality obtained by planting different diameter bulbs (20–60 mm, 4 fractions every 10 mm) in autumn and spring and from seedlings planted in summer (third 10-day period of July and first and third 10-day period August). The quality of shallot seed was evaluated taking into account the following parameters: 1000 seed weight (TSW), germination energy and capacity as well as vigour tests (seedling growth test and seedling growth rate test). Shallot cultivation method had a large effect on 1000 seed weight, but it only slightly affected germination capacity and vigour of seed obtained. Larger seeds were obtained from bulbs, regardless of their planting time, compared to the cultivation method involving planting seedlings in summer. The diameter of bulbs used for planting at autumn planting time proved to be an important factor for TSW, germination energy and the traits determining seed vigour. In the case of this planting time, seed obtained from large bulbs with a diameter of 40–60 mm was distinguished by the best quality. The study did not show such a correlation for seed derived from spring bulb planting.
This paper presents the results of studies on the influence of clear-cut site management on survival rate of 3-year-old Scots pine saplings, conducted in the Forest District Bierzwnik in September 2011. Statistical analysis showed, that only the soil cultivation method significantly influences the survival rate on the studied Scots pine plantation. No statistically significant influence of cutting residues management or combined methods of residues management and various variants of soil cultivation was found.
In the years 2005–2007, research work on the influence of surface and subsurface drip irrigation on the yield and quality of roots of parsley grown on ridges and on flat ground was carried out. Irrigation water was supplied via drip lines, which in subsurface irrigation were placed at a depth of 50 mm below the surface of the ridges, along the centreline between two rows of plants. In the case of surface irrigation, the drip lines were placed on the surface of the ridges between two rows of plants. Irrigation started when soil water potential was between -30 and -40 kPa. Nitrogen fertilizers (100 kg⋅ha-1) were applied in two doses. The first dose was applied pre-plant, while the second one was delivered by fertigation. In the control treatment without irrigation, the second dose of nitrogen was applied by broadcasting. Both surface and subsurface irrigation used in the cultivation on ridges and on flat ground had a significant effect on the marketable yield of parsley roots. However, no significant differences in the yield between surface and subsurface drip irrigation were found. The yield of non-marketable parsley roots in flat cultivation was twice as high as that in ridge cultivation. Parsley plants cultivated on ridges produced significantly longer, better-shaped storage roots compared to those cultivated on flat ground. Surface and subsurface drip irrigation significantly decreased the total N and K content in parsley roots.
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