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Scanning microscopic analysis cell structure of 8 apple cultivars was carried out. For each variety, skin and flesh, cut and broken preparation was made to research microstructure of apple tissue. The results revealed differences in shape, cell size, thickness of cellular wall, distribution and size intracellular spaces and other fruit texture features of apple varieties tissue. In microscopic picture some varieties of apple were found. Some dependence between structure of apple tissue and sensory assessment of fruit was found too.
The objective of the study was to analyse cellular structure of selected cereal products and its effect on acoustic emission generated during their breaking. Analyses were carried out for biscuits “A” and “B” and crackers. The structure of those products was determined by means of an electron scanning microscope FEI QUANTA 200 at 20x magnification, which enabled carrying out analyses in the natural form of products examined without their preliminary preparation. The cakes were subjected to a fracture test with a velocity of 50 mm/min in a testing machine coupled with an accelerometer registering acoustic emission (AE) in a frequency range of 0–15 kHz. Parameters of cellular structure were found to depend on the type of product. The structure of the material affected the acoustic emission generated during its breaking. Materials with smaller air pores generated sounds with a weaker acoustic energy. Large cellular spaces of the products caused a higher share of low-frequency sounds in the acoustic emission.
The Golgi technique stain was used to reveal the cellular structure of the neostriatum (nucleus caudatus and putamen) in the guinea pig. The computerised reconstructions were made from Golgi impregnated neurones. On the basis of various criteria, 4 types of neurones were distinguished in the guinea pig neostriatum: 1. The rounded neurones (most numerous) with 5–8 thin dendritic trunks; 2. The triangular nerve cells with 3 thick dendritic trunks; 3. Two types of multipolar neurones differing in dendritic arborisation pattern with 4–6 and 7–9 primary dendrites, respectively. 4. The pear-shaped cells, which divide into two distinctly different subpopulations.
The micro- and ultrastructure of intestinal wall of 29 individuals of Ancistrus multispinnis was examined under the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The presence of cellular structures, analogous to type I pneumocytes forming the mammalian pulmonary lining, was identified in the stomach corpus. Cells of a morphology similar to that of neuroendocrine cells of the salamander lungs were found as well. The pulmonary-cerebral capillaries were identified in the stomach corpus. The observations demonstrated that the stomach of A. multispinnis was able to function as an additional respiratory organ.
In this paper we report our preliminary studies on the hydration pattern of selected C-H groups in natural thymidyl(3'-5)thymidine and its RP and SP-methylphosphonate analogues using Molecular Dynamic simulations in aqueous solutions. The methyl groups attached to the phosphorus center (P-Me) in methylphosphonate analogues are hydrated by water molecules as efficiently as the hydrophilic P=O group in the natural dithymidine nucleotide and better than the neutral P=O functions in these compounds, although the nature of the hydration is different. The C5-Me centers of the 3'-yl units seem to be better hydrated in the methylphosphonate analogues than in the natural dithymidine phosphate and than other centers of the thymine basesin methylphosphonate analogues. Due to chirality of the phosphorus center, the C5-Me group of the 5'-yl unit in the SP diastereomer coordinates more water than that in the RP diastereomer. The C6-H group in the 5'-yl unit of the SP diastereomer exhibits a specific interaction with water.
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