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The aim of presented study was a statistical analysis of haematological abnormalities in cases of canine babesiosis, especially according to age and breed of animals. Data submitted to analysis consisted of 350 haematological results from dogs that were diagnosed as Babesia positive, based on May-Grünwald-Giemsa stained blood smears. Haematology tests (erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet parameters) were performed on automated analyser. Haematological parameters that showed abnormalities were submitted to the statistical analysis with the group division based on animals' age and breed. It was found that the most significant haematological abnormality in the course of babesiosis is thrombocytopoenia, less severe abnormalities included anaemia, leukopoenias (both neutropoenia and lymphopoenia), moreover bi- or pancytopoenia were noted more seldom. Additionally, significant differences of PCV value between the group of young animals and both groups of adult and old animals were observed, and also in case of WBC value significant difference between German shepherds and mongrels were noted.
Vector-borne infection constitutes a significant health issue in dogs worldwide. Recent reports point to an increasing number of canine vector-borne disease cases in European countries, including Poland. Canine babesiosis caused by various Babesia species is a protozoal tick-borne disease with worldwide distribution and significant veterinary importance. The development and application of molecular methods have increased our knowledge about canine babesiosis, its prevalence, and clinical and pathological aspects of the infection. Parasitologists and veterinary surgeons need an accurate description of the species responsible for canine babesiosis to improve diagnostic and therapeutic methods, as well as predictions for the course of the disease. Therefore, we decided to summarise recent knowledge concerning Babesia species and B. canis.
Urinary creatinine to serum creatinine (UCr/SCr) ratio and renal failure index (RFI) are useful indices of renal damage. Both UCr/SCr ratio and RFI are used in differentiation between prerenal azotaemia and acute tubular necrosis. In this work the authors calculated the UCr/SCr ratio and RFI in dogs infected with Babesia canis and the values of these indices in azotaemic dogs infected with the parasite. The results of this study showed significantly lower UCr/SCr ratio in dogs infected with B. canis than in healthy dogs. Moreover, in azotaemic dogs infected with B. canis the UCr/SCr ratio was significantly lower and the RFI was significantly higher than in non-azotaemic dogs infected with B. canis. The calculated correlation between RFI and duration of the disease before diagnosis and treatment was high, positive and statistically significant (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). The results of this study showed that during the course of canine babesiosis caused by B. canis in Poland acute tubular necrosis may develop.
The AST/ALT ratio was estimated in 182 dogs infected with Babesia canis. Among these dogs 65 had anaemia and 68 were azotaemic. Student’s t test was used to compare means of the AST/ALT ratio in anaemic and non-anaemic dogs, and in azotaemic and non-azotaemic dogs (p < 0.05). The differences in AST/ALT ratio between anaemic (1.52 ± 1.15) and non-anaemic (1.76 ± 1.34) dogs were statistically insignificant (p = 0.23), however, the comparison of AST/ALT ratio between azotaemic (2.68 ± 1.52) and non-azotaemic (1.08 ± 0.53) dogs revealed a significantly higher value of this index in azotaemic dogs (p = 0.00). The present results suggest that kidney injury contributed to increased AST activity in these dogs.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the serum protein electrophoresis pattern in dogs infected with B. canis, and correlation between haematocrit and albumin/globulin ratio. The infection with B. canis was confirmed by PCR and sequencing of PCR products. Total serum protein concentrations were determined by a clinical chemistry analyser. Albumin, α₁-, α₂-, β₁-, β₂-, and γ-globulin concentrations were assayed by densitometric analysis after electrophoretic separation of serum proteins on agarose gel. The most common disorders in affected dogs were decreased α-globulin fractions, increased ß-globulin concentration, increased albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, and hypoglobulinaemia. A decrease in ar and α₂-globulin concentration was detected accordingly in 54.8% and 32.3% of dogs. An increase in β₁- and β₂-globulin concentration, and increased A/G ratio was detected accordingly in 38.7%, 51.6%, and 38.7% of dogs. Hypoglobulinaemia was detected in 32.3% dogs. Changes detected in this study probably result from haemolysis, hypertransferrinaemia, increased C3a protein concentration (complement), and dehydration.
The increase of the serum urea to creatinine ratio (UCR) was observed in dogs infected with Babesia canis. Previous studies have suggested that decrease of blood pressure can be one of the reasons for this phenomenon. In this work statistically significant increase of the UCR was observed in dogs with babesiosis. Comparison of the UCR between 23 azotaemic dogs and 25 non-azotaemic dogs infected with Babesia canis showed statistically significantly higher mean of the UCR in azotaemic dogs. Correlations between UCR and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure (SAP, DAP and MAP) in 48 dogs infected with B. canis were negative (UCR and SAP: r = −0.3909; UCR and DAP: r = −0.3182; UCR and MAP: r = −0.3682) and statistically significant (p < 0.05). This result may indicate contribution of hypotension in the increase of the UCR in canine babesiosis. However, the correlations were not high, and there was no statistically significant correlation between UCR and arterial pressures in azotaemic dogs. Thus, it seems that decrease of blood pressure in dogs with babesiosis explains only partially the cause of increased UCR in infected dogs. The other authors suggested hyperureagenesis and myocardial injury as a potential reason for the increased UCR in canine babesiosis. Thus, further studies are needed to determine causes of increased UCR in dogs with babesiosis, especially on the connection between UCR changes and the concentrations of plasma cardiac troponins and ammonia, and the occurrence of occult blood on fecal examination.
Biochemical abnormalities observed in canine babesiosis are related to the severity of the disease. The primary biochemical abnormalities found in affected dogs are: increase of the serum activity of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase, azotemia, and hypoglycemia. The purposes of this study were: 1) to estimate biochemical abnormalities in dogs infected with large Babesia in Warsaw and 2) to evaluate statistically changes observed during canine babesiosis in dogs from Warsaw. Samples of serum were collected from dogs naturally infected with large Babesia. Among 2023 positive samples, 202 were randomly selected. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total serum protein (TSP), albumin and blood glucose concentration were determined with a clinical chemistry analyser. Elevated activity of ALT, AST and ALP was detected accordingly in: 64.9, 92.6 and 31.7% of dogs. Elevated creatinine concentration and BUN were detected accordingly in 30.7 and 62.4% of dogs. Decrease of TSP, albumin, BUN, and hypoglycemia was detected accordingly in: 19.8, 32.7, 1.5 and 18.3% of dogs. The most common biochemical abnormalities found in affected dogs were: increase of activity of transaminases and ALP, elevated creatinine concentration, hypoalbuminemia and hypoglycemia. These abnormalities resulted from hepatopathy, renal failure and fasting.
Ixodes ricinus, the most commonly observed tick species in Poland, is a known vector of such pathogenic microorganisms as TBE viruses, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lata, Anaplasma phagoeytophilum, Rickettsia helvetica, Babesia divergens and B. microti in our country. Our study aimed to find out whether this tick can also transmit other babesiae of medical and veterinary importance. DNA extracts of 1392 ticks (314 nymphs, 552 male and 526 female ticks) collected in urban and rural areas in the Pomerania province (northern Poland), were examined by nested PCR for the detection of Babesia spp., using outer primers: 5-22F and 1661R, and inner primers: 455-479F and 793-772R, targeting specific fragment of 18S rRNA gene. Overall, at least 1.6% ticks were found to be infected with babesial parasites. In the case of nymphs, the minimal prevalence was 0.6%, and it was approx. 3-times lower than in adults (1.9%). Percentages of infected males and females were comparable (2.0% vs. 1.7%). Sequences of 15/22 PCR-derived fragments of 18S rRNA gene demonstrated 100% similarities with the sequence of Babesia EU1 (proposed name B. venatorum) (acc. no. AY046575) (n= 13) and with B. cards canis (acc. no. AY321119) (n = 2), deposited in the GenBank database. The partial 18S rDNA sequences of Babesia EU1 and B. c. canis obtained by us from I. ricinus have been deposited in GenBank, accession nos. GQ325619 and GQ325620, respectively. The results obtained suggest the possible role of I. ricinus as a source of microorganisms, which have been identified as agents of human and canine babesiosis, respectively, in Europe. To our knowledge this is the first report on the occurrence of Babesia EU1 and B. c. canis in I. ricinus in Poland.
The influence of anaemia on alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in dogs infected with B. canis was investigated. Samples of blood and serum from 230 infected dogs were divided into two groups: A (with anaemia) and B (without anaemia). The differences in the activities of the enzymes between both groups were not statistically significant. These results suggest that mild anaemia, as the only factor, has no influence on ALT, AST, or ALP activity in canine babesiosis. However, this study certainly cannot exclude the possibility that a more severe anaemia can have a major effect on the liver.
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