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The aim of the work was to estimate the specific role that Central European botanic gardens play in the dispersal of alien plants, which results from the wide variety of plants cultivated in the gardens and regular international exchange of plant material between these institutions. We compared the results of recent field studies (in eight Polish botanic gardens) and a review of older literature data and herbarium collections (from Central European botanic gardens). We found that in Poland the proportion of botanic garden escapes was lower (3%) than would be expected from the "tens rule". Botanic gardens have played a considerable role in the development of the synanthropic flora of Central Europe in the last 200 years. We determined a group of species introduced through a network of botanic gardens and propose 5 theoretical patterns to describe the mode and pathways of the early stages of introduction of these species.
Phenological observations at the Botanical Garden of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań were conducted on Syringa komarowii, S. meyeri, S. microphylla, S. oblata, S. reticulata, S. tomentella and S. wolfii. These observations showed the longest foliation phase in the case of S. oblata and S. meyeri, while the longest flowering phase was recorded in S. reticulata, S. microphylla and S. wolfii. Additionally, the longest period of anthesis (i.e. the period from the moment when 25% flowers bloomed to the time when 75% were out of bloom) was observed in S. oblata and S. microphylla. All examined shrubs, except for S. oblata, set fruits, which dispersal was extended to the next year (except for S. komarowii). In terms of decorative value suitable for green areas the most valuable species were S. komarowii, S. reticulata, S. meyeri, S. microphylla and S. oblata, with the three latter being the most showy shrubs in terms of autumn foliage. Moreover, S. komarowii was exceptional among the analysed species due to its large, attractive leaf blades. This lilac, together with S. meyeri, was also characterised by the most decorative inflorescences. Thanks to their stronger growth in comparison to the other species, S. komarowii, S. oblata and S. reticulata are best suited for large gardens, whereas S. meyeri and S. microphylla will prove most suitable for small gardens. All the recommended shrubs show good drought resistance.
Floristic studies were carried out in eight botanical gardens in Poland in the years 1992-1999. It was demonstrated that the spontaneous synanthropic flora of the gardens consisted of 1092 taxa in the rank of a genus or lower, among which alien species constituted 55% of the flora studied. Ergasiophygophytes, of which the introduction is closely associated with the activities of the botanical gardens, dominated in the latter group of species. It appeared that the flora of the studied botanical gardens was rather similar. However, the structure of the flora of different spatial units (six types of microhabitats) distinguished in the particular gardens varied, which was associated with the various management practices. The flora of microhabitats identified in the gardens differed with respect to the number of taxa and spectra of geographical-historical groups of species and life forms. Ruderal sites, arable lands and roadsides supported the highest number of taxa (the flora of the above spatial units was represented by 646, 645 and 597 taxa, respectively). Moreover, they were characterized by a high proportion of annual plants in the flora (43, 38 and 34%, respectively) and by a relatively small representation of apophytes (39% in all the three types of microhabitats). The flora of wet areas and parks was, however, poor in species (154 and 403 species, respectively), but relatively rich in apophytes (72 and 55% of the flora, respectively) and with a low contribution of therophytes (19 and 20%, respectively). The present data were compared with the findings of other authors who investigated the synanthropic flora of cities in which the botanical gardens were located. The comparative analysis of the flora of Poznań and Łódź showed a great richness of species (in relation to size of the area studied) and a high incidence of aliens (especially those, which had not become established permanently) in the botanical gardens. However comparative studies of the flora of Warsaw and that of the two botanical gardens established in the city revealed that the proportion of alien species was lower in case of these gardens. In Warsaw the flora of areas, which had been managed in the same way as those of the botanical gardens, was also investigated. It was found that the botanical gardens in Warsaw were more similar to cemeteries with respect to the structure of flora than they were to the allotments. The present study showed that the high variability of flora within the particular gardens is attributed to the different ways the area is utilized.
In the years 2000-2010, observations were made of shrubs of the varieties derived from the Pimpinellifolia (R. pimpinellifolia L.) gathered in the Collection of Rose Culti- vars of PAS Botanical Garden in Powsin, Poland. The nine observed varieties were 'Aïcha', 'Elegans', 'Frühlingsduft', 'Frühlingsgold', 'Frühlingsmorgen', 'Harison's Yel­low', 'Maigold', 'Poppius', and 'Stanwell Perpetual'. Every year, the following were recorded: frost damage; the date of bud breaking and the date when leaves developed in springtime; the date of the initial, complete and final flowering; the presence of symptoms of damage from disease and pests; the ability to create decorative fruit, and remarks concerning the necessity to perform spring cutting and cutting after flower­ing. The winter seasons of 2002/2003, 2005/2006 and 2009/2010 were unfavourable for the roses. The cultivars varied greatly according to the examined features. The advantages of many of the varieties include high frost resistance, early flowering, low requirements in terms of cutting, good condition; and the fact that some varieties create suckers ('Elegans', 'Harison's Yellow', 'Poppius', 'Stanwell Perpetual'). The varieties 'Aïcha', 'Elegans', 'Frühlingsduft', 'Frühlingsgold', 'Poppius', 'Stanwell Perpetual' are the most frost resistant. The least frost-resistant variety is 'Maigold'. The first to flower are 'Harison's Yellow', 'Frühlingsmorgen' and 'Poppius'. Varie­ties derived from Rosa pimpinellifolia can be widely used as park roses, as ground covers, and as soil protective roses ('Elegans', 'Harison's Yellow', 'Poppius', 'Stan­well Perpetual').
The paper presents results of the investigation on the mirid fauna of the Silesian Botanical Garden in Mikołów. During the seasons 2002-2004, 73 species were collected in various plant assemblages. Campyloneura virgula (H-S) is reported for the fourth time from Poland, Polymerus nigrita (FALL.) is reported for the first time from UpperSilesia and Orthotylus marginalis REUT., Monosynama bohemani (FALL.) and Pithanus maerkelii (H.-S.) are reported for the second time from this region.
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