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Background. The purpose of this study was to identify mathematical equations describing changes in a flatfish body shape along its longitudinal axis. The initial function for the description of a cross-section contour is the ellipse equation including a factor deforming the symmetry with respect to one of axes. Such equations may find their use in fisheries engineering and food-fish processing. Materials and Methods. The morphometric examination of the fish raw material was carried out in order to check whether the proposed function meets expectations and draws a curve. The model fish species used was flounder, Platichthys flesus (L.). Results. The mathematical equation describing changes in a cross-section contour of flatfish body shape along its longitudinal axis. The high value of correlation coefficients (r > 0.99) showed that a hypothetical curve matches experiment results quite well. The equation describing the shape of a flatfish body cross-section contour can be defined by means of the ellipse equation including a factor deforming the symmetry with regard to one of its axes. The function represented by equation (8) draws a curve that follows the contour of the fish cross-section. Conclusion. The shape of flounder, defined in the presently reported study may have importance for sustainable and responsible fisheries, helping to design more selective fishing gear. It can also be used in food-fish engineering for designing more effective fish-processing machinery.
Almost six years after the first finding of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Gobiidae) in the Netherlands, several specimens of this invasive Ponto-Caspian benthic fish were also recorded in the Belgian part of the River Scheldt and in the Albert Canal. This is the first record of the round goby in Belgium.
The growth of the scale radius was followed in seven fish species (roach, bream, rudd, humped rockcod, perch, halibut, and zander). The results obtained by analyzing a total of 11304 individuals were compared with corresponding data on the standard length growth of each species. The mathematical description of growth was done with the following six models: the von Bertalanffy equation, the Ford-Walford formula, the second order polynomial, the Gompertz model, the power function, and the modified power function. Data on length growth and length growth versus scale radius growth, which were used to determine the scale radius growth of each species, were taken from the literature. The growth of both the scale radius and body length of the species analyzed was fairly uniform: the increment ratios, averaged for the entire growth period, were close to 0.9. However, slightly higher values, hence more uniform growth, were recorded in radius growth (0.93) than in fish length growth (0.90). The fish length increments in the first two years of life were lower than the scale radius increments during the same time.
The aim of the study was to estimate the acceleration of birth parameters: body length, body weight, head and chest circumference of Lublin newborns as a response to environmental changes observed since 1964 till 2001. The environmental conditions changes were characterized by: health care standards, average consumption of selected foodstuffs, furnishings, level of education and income of households. The systematic, statistically significant increase of birth length was observed within the whole studied period. Improvement of indices, expecially concerning health care, in front of an average income decrease in Lublin voivodship comparing to Poland in the same period, should be emphasized.
Ninespine stickleback is abundant in the brackish waters of the Puck Bay and its catchment area. The species is common in the overgrown littoral zone. Spawning in the bay is extended, lasting from March to August, the eggs are laid in batches. The fecundity of these fish is relatively low, as with others which show parental care. Sticklebacks lay up to 199 eggs, this being higher than the fecundity of sticklebacks from North America and Eastern Europe and lower than in one of the Japanese forms. The relation between absolute fecundity and body length, and body weight is described by the equations: F = 1.8052ּ10-3ּL2.71 and F = 103.77551ּW0.99, respectively. The fecundity of a fish depends primarily on its weight. The body size and fecundity had no effect on egg size.
Enchytraeids are the most important detritophages in farmlang. Their density, species composition, and body lenght were assessed in four crop fields and adjacent shelterbelts in Turew area (Wielkopolska, West Poland). The density in crop fields varied between 3000 and 13000 ind. m⁻², whereas in woodlots from 7000 to 15000 ind. m⁻². In the absence of earthworms in cultivated fields, enchytraeids contributed to 2-5% of the total biomass of soil invertebrates. Enchytraeid species living in crop fields were not specific of this habitat. The community occurring in the ecotone (between the woodlot and field) was similar to that in the crop fields with respect to the species composition, and to the youngest woodlots with respect to the abundance and body size. Over the last 25-year period, numbers and diversity (H') of enchytraeids in investigated fields did not change but the size of an average individual decreased.
The large stomach worm, Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic nematode parasite of sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus). It sucks blood and causes acute disease, anaemia and severe economic losses due to morbidity and mortality. This paper compares characteristics of surface cuticular ridges (synlophe) and morphometrics of total body length, cervical papillae, spicules, barbs, gubernaculum and vulvar flap morphology of H. contortus recovered in the two hosts from the States of Perak and Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. The morphological variation in H. contortus samples recovered from the two hosts in Kelantan was found to be higher than from Perak. A discriminant function, based on three measurements of the spicule, confirmed the identity of male worms in the two hosts as belonging to the same species H. contortus.
Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences and morphological data (body length, hind foot length, etc.) for twelve populations with pairwise distances 27–600 km in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (distributed in Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan Province, and at the altitude 3020–4550 m) in Western China were used to investigate the phylogeographical pattern of Plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi Thomas). There was a little disparity between mtDNA genetic distance and morphological Euclidean distance on population relationships. However, there is a significant correlation (P <0.001) calculated by Mantel’s tests was validated between mtDNA and morphology distances. Analysis of Molecular Variance showed that most of the observed genetic variations occurred between populations, indicating little maternal gene flow between them, as a result of geographical restrictions. Phylogenetic analysis coupled with cluster analysis together showed that the substantial population structuring and phylogenetic discontinuities existed within this species. The evident allopatric population structuring of this subterranean rodent may mostly result from its specialized subterranean excavating behavior with high energy costs, predation from grassland raptors and also the influences of perennial tundra and environmental desiccation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
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