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This paper presents investigation results which evaluate the role of biological processes in elimination of Mn (II) and NH4+ ions from groundwater. The raw water containing up to 1.4 mg/dm3 manganese and up to 2.9 mg N/dm3 ammonia nitrogen after aeration was treated using first and second stage sand filters at the "Letniki" water treatment plant near Elblag. Both ions were removed with high efficiency and the concentrations of these components after two stages of filtration were lower than the admissible values for drinking water in Poland (0.1 mg Mn/dm3 and 0.5 mg N-NH4/dm3). It was found that physico-chemical and biological processes were responsible for ammonia nitrogen elimination, while catalytic processes (physico-chemical and biological) contributed to manganese removal.
A class of small, non-coding ribonucleic acids, termed microRNA (miRNA), has recently emerged as a new key player in the cellular control of gene expression. By either blocking translation or inducing target mRNA degradation, miRNA not only participates in regular biological processes within cells and tissues but is also involved in pathological processes. Many human malignancies have been linked to specific miRNA expression patterns, raising hopes for new approaches to therapy. While such human disease-related mechanisms have been widely discussed and frequently reviewed, miRNA's general significance in animals has been less in editorial focus, despite its obvious role in basic physiological processes, e.g. neurosensory maturation, development of fertility, and hibernation. Using selected examples, this review highlights our current knowledge of miRNA's potential and its promise as a new tool for gene regulation.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the basic soil parameters which takes part in many biological, chemical and physical soil processes and the SOC is currently considered as a key indicator of soil quality. For this reason determination of the SOC is a part of soil complex monitoring which has been performed in Slovakia since 1993. From 1993 until 2007 the “wet” method of determination of the SOC was used. Since 2008 the “dry” method for determination of the SOC has been applied. The goal of this work has been to evaluate and compare two methods of the SOC determination; the “wet”(Ťiurin method in modification of Nikitin (TN)) and the “dry” determination of the SOC by means of the CN analyser (EA), which was performed on 95 soil samples of topsoil coming from 17 sampling sites with a wide range of the SOC (1–15%). Sampling sites include arable lands and grasslands and represent main soil types and subtypes of Slovakia. On the basis of statistical processing it has been found that in soils with the SOC content up to 3%, differences between two methods are minimal. However, in the case of a higher content of the SOC, the EA method reaches a higher value than the TN method. Obtained data shows that in the case of soil samples with a higher content of the SOC, when changing an analytical method, the PTF function that reduces differences and allows to use all time series monitoring data should be used for the purpose of the tracking trends of the SOC monitoring.
Wood degrading capacity of lignicolous fungi was studied by decay test. In which two methods were followed, i) wood chips method ii) wood block method. Eight timbers infected by six fungi were selected for studying percentage of decay and biochemical test was done to know delignification. After 12 months, 90 % of wood block of T. arjuna was decayed by L. stereoides. In teak wood 16.82 % of decay was due to H. apiaria in 3 months. As the percentage of moisture was less, percentage of weight loss was also less; this indicated that decay capacity of fungi will depends on % moisture content in wood. The percentage loss in hot water soluble substrates was more in case of T. crenulata due to L. stereoides for 5 months, whereas lowest in case of teak wood decayed by H. apiaria for 5 months. The percentage loss in ethanol benzene soluble substrate was more in case of Adina wood decayed by C. versicolor for 5 months, whereas lowest in case of teak wood infected with L. stereoides for 3 months. As the incubation period increases, percentage loss in acid soluble lignin was more in case of infected woods. L. stereoides, C. versicolor, and H. apiaria showed selective delignification in all infected woods, whereas T. pini showed simultaneous degradation of lignin in all woods tested. The valuable timber like teak wood was not resistant to wood decay because they loss 50% of lignin. The in vitro wood decay test can‟t be taken as absolute evidence for wood decay behavior of lignin-degrading fungi, so we should conform decay of wood by consider biochemical test. For rapid evaluation of wood decay the wood chip method was best suitable. For the first time the wood decay and biochemical test of 8 wood samples infected by white rot fungi like S. commune, L. stereoides, H. apiaria, C. versicolor, T. pini and soft rot fungi like T. viride was studied.
Mouse chondrolectin (chodl) was isolated out of the tail tip of fourday old 129/SvJ mice as a by-product of a PCR-based subtractive cDNA library screening. The gene is predominantly expressed in adult skeletal muscle, heart, testes and lungs and in embryonic stadia. Chodl is the mouse homologue of human chondrolectin (CHODL), a gene that encodes for a type Ia transmembrane protein and that is expressed in human testis, prostate, heart and skeletal muscle tissue. CHODL-splice variants (CHODLf, CHODLfΔE, CHODLΔE) are detected in human leukocytes. The proteins of the chondrolectin family belong to the family of C-type lectins. As the members of this protein family are important for a wide array of biological processes, the function of chodl was investigated by searching for its protein interaction partners. The β-subunit of Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (Rabggtb) was isolated 8 times after a complete Sos recruitment system (SRS) screen with the cytoplasmic domain of chodl. The interaction was confirmed with in vitro transcription/translation and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments
Forest succession is a fundamental ecological process, which has significant implications for the biological, biophysical, and biogeochemical processes in an ecosystem. Genetic diversity is not only a product of the number of species present in a given area, but also of successional change from colonization of gaps by pioneer species to mature climax forest. Genetic diversity should be higher in earlier successional stages than in later stages because high environmental predictability in later successional stages favours low genetic diversity. In the present study the relationship between secondary succession and genetic diversity was explored in eight stands of characteristic tree communities in the Thuringian forest area (Germany). Each of the eight stands was subdivided into six plots in a grid of 40 x 40 m to detect as much as possible tree species and genetic variants within the forest tree community and successionspecific structures. To define secondary succession, the mean Ellenberg indicator values for light and nitrogen in the herb layer, weighted for coverage, as well as the percentage of climax tree species in naturally regenerated stands were used. All species and genotype diversities based on the investigated tree species were calculated by the so-called Hill numbers. The results showed that the Gregorius´s Covariation (C) of secondary succession with the transspecific genotype diversity as well as the transspecific genotype diversity per species for the enzyme systems AAT, HEK, PGI, MDH, IDH as well as the AFLP trait was statistically significant in several relationships. The transspecific genotype diversities were often significantly greater in the earlier successional stages than in the later stages. Selection effects during replacement of light and nitrogen demanding species and plant communities by more economical and competitive species such as Abies alba Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L. probably dominated in the study. Based on the results of the study, we conclude that genetic diversity may be an essential attribute of stages of secondary succession that should be further explored because of its relation to adaptability and ecological stability.
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles, primarily involved in the fundamental biological process of respiration. The efficient functioning of mitochondria depends on the proper transport, sorting, and assembly of mitochondrial proteins that originate either from nuclear or mitochondrial genomes. Both nuclear and mitochondrial gene defects that result in pathological variants of proteins have been implicated in a variety of mitochondrial diseases. The nuclear‑encoded proteins make up the large majority of proteins involved in the formation of mitochondria, including the respiratory chain complexes. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in the cytosol is involved in degradation of cellular proteins and maintaining protein homeostasis. By multiple lines of evidence, we have demonstrated the contribution of the UPS to mitochondrial protein quality control. The UPS degrades a portion of mitochondrial proteins, including mislocalized proteins, in both yeast and mammalian systems. Furthermore, mislocalization of mitochondrial proteins increases the ability of the proteasome to degrade cellular proteins. Thus, the UPS constitutes an important factor that affects the mitochondrial protein import, influences the mitochondrial proteome, and links the mitochondrial status with regulation of cellular protein homeostasis. Interestingly, pathologic variants of mitochondrial proteins can be mistargeted and fully degraded by the proteasome before they reach their final destination inside mitochondria. Inhibition of proteasomal degradation by commonly used proteasome inhibitors results in rescue of proteins and their import into the mitochondria. Thus, UPS inhibition can provide a benefit to malfunctioning mitochondria and cells. We propose that targeting the UPS should be considered as a therapeutic strategy for mitochondrial diseases.
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