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How to define bioeconomy?

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. In this paper, a critical analysis of current bioeconomy definitions was undertaken. Having in mind all ways of defining bioeconomy, it is argued that at the core of this concept lies sustainable transformation of renewable biological resources by implementing innovation in products and processes that aim to meet both private and public expectations. The basis of such innovation is knowledge concerning life sciences.
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How to analyze bioeconomy?

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The paper is an attempt to describe theoretical foundations, scope with boundaries as well as a framework for analysis of emerging concept of bioeconomy. Based on the literature review and complex system theory and contextual theory there was proposed a holistic approach to perceive dimentions of bioeconomy system and ways to analyse them.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the innovative forms of bioeconomy in the region. Due to the aim of the research, the main tasks are the following: to characterize such forms of innovative infractructure as business incubator, technopark, technopolis and cluster; to show the relationship between the evolution of the region and implementation of bioeconomy principles within this region; to investigate the successful experience of different countries concerning the establishment of innovative structures based on biotechnology, to explore the specific conditions of bioeconomy development in Ukraine. The paper contains the general characteristics of the bioeconomy as the economy based on the use of renewable biological resources. Exploring this realm of economy there was used scientific material of various domestic and foreign researchers, analytics and practicians as L. I. Fedulova, K. I. Fedulova, O. M. Anisimova, O. I. Didchenko, K. McCormick, N. Kautto, S. Hilgartner, L. Lewidow and international sources of information such as Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Preparing the study there were used such scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, generalization, explanation, classification. The article shows the importance of biotechnology using in the region that was confirmed by the world experience. We believe that the main objects of strong activation of biotech sector in the region are the bioclusters. They have the most comprehensive and highest efficiency in terms of uniting the efforts of stakeholders. It is confirmed by the experience of many countries. So, the bioeconomy serves as a new part of the national economy, which has unlimited possibilities for prosperity in the region of its localization through the various innovative forms of expression.
The paper aims at empirical evaluation of the impact of R&D expenditures on the bioeconomy innovativeness. The research is based on the cross-sectional analyses of correlation and regression between the value of biotech R&D expenditures and the number of biotech patents granted in the EU countries. In particular, the study attempts to assess a relative effectiveness of R&D expenditures in public and business sectors. The data for the analysis were extracted from the OECD Statistical Database and Eurostat Database covering the period 2009-2014. Given the availability of data the examined sample covers 11 countries. The results indicate a positive and statistically significant impact of biotech R&D expenditures on bioeconomy innovativeness in the pooled sample of countries and suggest a higher effectiveness of private sources of funding.
The scale of employment of the elderly in agriculture in the Baltic Sea Region is analysed. Classification of the countries according to the age structure of persons employed in agriculture is performed with the use of Ward’s clustering method. The diagnostic features were the percentages of persons from particular age groups employed in agriculture of a given country. The mean contributions of persons aged 50-64 and above 65 in the Baltic Sea Region are similar to those working in agriculture in all 27 EU member states. The mean percentage of the elderly (above 65 years of age) was over twice smaller in the Baltic Sea Region from the group of EU-10 countries and in Denmark than the those from the EU-15 group including Finland, Germany and Sweden. In the first group of countries also the percentage of persons aged 50-64 working in agriculture was also smaller.
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The report published by the GMO Group of the European Academies Science Advisory Council “Planting the Future: opportunities and challenges for using crop genetic improvement technologies for sustainable agriculture” presents the current state of art on genetically modified plants. It discusses a number of aspects of agrobiotechnology, such as legal, social or economic, including the EU policy towards new economies.
Bio-economy requires the participation that engages societies, including the local communities. In this context, the aim of the study is to recognize the opinion of the local community regarding the legitimacy of the use of existing local renewable energy potential, which will take the appropriate actions in the field of RES for the full implementation of the bio-economy program. The study assumed that a considerable degree of acceptance of renewable energy sources can be a powerful argument in order to confirm the thesis that as a result of income growth and consumer demand the multiplier effect of the use of RES will appear, contributing to local development. The tests were performed using factual methods. Secondary research, indirect (desk research), carried out in the process of exploring the problem. Field research, direct primary research, enabled the acquisition of primary data to enable the implementation of the targets. In examining the opinions of the populations of krośnieńsko-przemyski area sought to determine the relationship between the local community to the possibility of the use of renewable energy sources at the local level. Recognized opinions allowed to determine whether there is approval, disapproval, or no opinion on the use of renewable energy sources. Substantial increase in the share of RES technologies in the surveyed communes of Przemysl and Krosno sub-regions should be based on agricultural biomass, forest biomass, wind energy, geothermal energy, and solar energy. Tested communities have different often divergent opinions as to the validity of the use of RES on the local level, nevertheless a large interest in modern technologies and renewable sources of their funding is observed. The local community in the majority wants to pursue undertakings in the field of renewable energy, mainly based on solar and wind energy. There is a need to further identify and develop local potentials, including the use of social energy from renewable sources.
The aim of the study was to determine the environmental awareness of local authorities as a factor in the development of bio-economy in the natural valuable areas and the analysis of selected aspects of environmental awareness of the councilors of the Lublin voivodeship. An analysis was performed of the existing research on the environmental awareness of the inhabitants of the Lublin voivodship and the study of the environmental awareness of councilors conducted in 2013, being part of the project entitled: „Environmental conditions and factors of economic functions’ development in the areas of natural value of the Lublin voivodeship. „Analyses were performed for the following municipalities: Urszulin, Zwierzyniec, Wilków, Susiec, Sosnowica, where, in the late 90s studies were carried out of the ecological awareness of inhabitants of the natural valuable areas of the Lublin voivodship and five units of comparison – Biała Podlaska, Radzyń Podlaski, Komarówka Podlaska, Tyszowce, Wohyń. In the „green” municipalities, 70 councillors were studied - 95% of the total, and in the control ones 75 - 100% of the total. Councillors from the environmentally valuable municipalities showed their positive attitude to nature, but often had insufficient expertise on the resources, protection and sustainable use in the management processes. The condition for the development of bio-economy in the Lublin voivodship was to develop ecological awareness of local authorities.
The article investigates the features of investment activity in the region with the reference of bioeconomy. The concept of “bioeconomy” is determined. The significance of the introduction of this concept in the 21st century is proved. The idea of “green” economy as a part of “bioeconomy” is outlined. The notion “green” investments, their value, involvement peculiarities in the regional economy, priority areas for investment are described. The efficiency of investing 2% of world GDP in bioeconomy is analyzed. The cluster model of regional development with region’s ecobrand forming is offered. Formation of clusters increases the investment attractiveness of the region, enhances its competitiveness and increases the amount of investment.
The aim of the study was to create a synthetic measure of bioeconomy development and based on it determination of the level of its development in Poland within the local sphere/realm. The sources come from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Bank from 2009-2013. Based on the information obtained, the assortment of diagnostic variables using statistical criteria and subsequently the comparative analysis of them in the relevant period of time. Formulation of the measure for estimation of the synthetic level of the bioeconomic development was accomplished by Z. Hellwig’s taxonomic measure of development. Taking into consideration the availability and completeness of the data that were obtained to account for the diagnostic variables of the level of development, it was possible solely with regards to the period of 2011-2012. The research results indicate that there is a possibility of building a synthetic measure of bioeconomy development, but taking into account the quality of data gathered in the Central Statistical Bank, this measurement was to roughly estimate the results without determining the financial effects of the activity conducted within this area. The synthetic meter that has been created, allowed to measure and classify the effects according to the provinces of Poland. The highest level of the bioeconomic development in 2011-2012 was attained in the Pomeranian voivodeship, by contrast in Opole Voivodeship, Silesia Voivodeship and Łódź Voivodeship the level of bioeconomic development was the lowest. The research conducted has shown that there exist some substantial discriminating features that contribute to bioeconomic development in the particular provinces. A detectable diversification of these discriminants indicates that there is a possibility of formulating the bioeconomic development strategies on the basis of an individual major regional specialization.
The aim of the study is to present the essence of the bio-economy, with particular emphasis on sustainable agricultural development. The attention focused on the prospects of development of organic farming as a supplier of raw materials for the production of green energy. The basis of this research was mainly critical analysis of national literature and data from the Central Statistical Office and Quality Inspection of Agricultural and Food. The data covered years 2010-2014.
The paper presents an analysis and evaluation of Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems in Europe and the ongoing changes and trends. It is proceeded by a short description of the strategy for the bioeconomy. The analysis uses the results of the author’s own research and review of the literature. Research shows that agricultural knowledge systems are in the process of transition, i.e. from a linear top-down approach towards a more flexible bottom-up approach and interactive solutions in the form of a network. Bioeconomy represents a new challenge in front of all the classic AKIS stakeholders, as well as creates an opportunity for many new NGOs, foundations, centers of excellence, etc. specializing in various aspects of the national management of renewable resources in agriculture.
The paper presents the concept of bio-economy formulated in the EU documents published since the beginning of 2012. It discusses the reasons and factors for its development, and different ways of perceiving it from both the theoretical and practical point of view. Contemporary internal, European and global challenges of bio-economy development were shown as well as the strategy and the action plan of its implementation in the EU. The attention is drawn to the not yet formed in full definition of the bio-economy, trends in its understanding and a broad cross-disciplinary and cross-sectorial linkages.
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In this essay based on the example of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute in Puławy it has been shown that agricultural science constitutes a significant support for the development of the bioeconomy. The results of research are being introduced into practice through the consultative and advisory services. The Institute operates under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. It carries out research dedicated to agricultural environmental planning and plant production technology. The main directions of the research are convergent with the strategic areas of bioeconomy. However, it is vital to improve the effectiveness of the transfer of the results of the agricultural research into practice realizing the idea of the development of bioeconomy. What is also important, is undertaking new research determined by the needs of bioeconomy, simultaneously increasing the innovative and competitive aspects of agri-food sector in Poland.
The key research problem dealt with in the article concerns issues pertaining to a place of the biobased economy in the EU cohesion policy in the years 2014-2020. The fundamental question has been posed as to how objectives of the development strategies at the EU level refer to issues that come under the bio-based economy. The specified problem area allowed an aim of the research to be formulated, namely the presentation of priorities of the EU development and the possibility of their achievement in the scope of the bio-based economy in a new financial perspective 2014-2020. From the point of view of the identified research problem, planning documents were analyzed at Community level. As a result, it was determined that the Europe 2020 Strategy sets the most important priorities for the EU connected with the bio-based economy in the years 2014-2020. This statement became a basis for further research conducted in a dynamic perspective, in which possibilities of achieving indicators of the Europe 2020 Strategy in this area were determined. One applied methods of descriptive statistics in the research, including a tabular description and a description of the dynamics of a phenomenon. Values of the linear trend were also determined by means of the method of least squares. Source materials included planning documents on the development of financial perspective after 2014 which were drawn up at the EU level. As a result of conducted works, one formulated conclusions concerning development of the bio-based economy with a possibility of achieving indicators of the Europe 2020 Strategy.
Subject and purpose of work: The object and goal of the study is to present general development factors of bioeconomy and the desired directions of structural changes in this sector of economy. Materials and methods: This study was written with the use of publications devoted to this issue and documents of various institutions, especially those of the European Union. Results: The study attempts to demonstrate the importance of bioeconomy and the need for structural changes in bioeconomy. The authors highlight the need for transition within the social capitalism system from the concept of supply chains through agricultural complexes to the organisation of bioclusters. Conclusions: Evolutionary changes in the structure and functioning of bioeconomy are altered by the nature of competition between business partners in supply chains, which contributes to the consolidation of consumer benefits and counteracts over-exploitation of natural resources.
The aim of this study was to identify the currently functioning institutional support mechanisms for the development of the bio-economy in the Wielkopolska Region. In the initial stage of the study, conducted in late 2013 and 2014, secondary materials were used which had been published by the Central Statistical Office, reports by Association for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Centres, Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the information contained on the websites of the institutions. The study included selected administrative-political and economic institutions of Wielkopolska. It was determined whether and to what extent these mechanisms operate in support of activities aimed at bio-economy development. It was found that the biggest, targeted support in this area is offered by Nickel Technology Park, Poznan Science and Technology Park, Centre of Excellence “Food Biotechnology” and the Foundation for Academic Entrepreneurship. In the future, extensive support for bio-economy can be expected from Wielkopolska Centre for Advanced Technology which is in the start-up phase. In other institutions, such support is provided equally to other areas of business and scientific research or it is of no particular interest to the institution. The study does not exhaust the catalogue of the bio-economy support institutions in the region of Wielkopolska. At their present stage a slight targeting of support mechanisms was noted for the activities in the field of bio-economy. Continuation and specification of research is planned.
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