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The main purpose of the article is the analysis of the relations between thermic weather types in Hel and types of circulation from Osuchowska-Klein’s classification (1978). Thermic types have been constructed on the basis of A. Woś’s classification of weather types (1993). As a result, in the study eleven thermic types have been distinguished and grouped into three categories of weather: warm, transitory and frosty. Detailed analysis has revealed that the frequency of thermic weather types in particular types of circulation is determined by the character of circulation (cyclonic/anticyclonic) as well as by its direction. The most numerous types of circulation over Poland: E (north-eastern anticyclonic) and CB (north-western cyclonic) most often are accompanied by warm and transitory weather. In Hel the warm weather group is conditioned mainly by the circulation types associated with the advection of the air from the West or South; transitory and frosty groups are related to the types of circulation conditioning the airflow from the northern or eastern sector.
The main objective of this article was to determine thermal conditions in the Christmas period and the impact of atmospheric circulation on their formation. The article is based on data on the mean daily air temperature for 16 stations in Poland for the 1966–2014 multiannual period. In this period, no statistically significant changes of air temperature were observed, neither in December, nor the Christmas period. The occurrence of averagely warmer holidays was associated with the inflow of maritime polar air masses from the western sector, while colder holidays occurred with the inflow of continental polar air masses from the eastern sector.
The paper presents an analysis of the extreme precipitation recorded in north-western Poland between 1951 and 1995. The author of the present paper selected a day with a maximal twenty-fourhour precipitation sum out of each month. The author also selected intervals characterized by specific twenty-four-hour values: 0.1-9.9 mm, 10.0-19.9 mm, 20.0-29.9 mm, 30.0-49.9 mm, 50.0-99.9 mm and ≥100 mm. The author selected frequencies of their occurrence and a monthly average and annual maximums’ sum of precipitation. A concept of an extreme precipitation relates to twentyfour- hour sums 50.0-99.9 mm and ≥100 mm. Moreover the author selected the days with extreme twenty-four-hour sums ≥100 mm and specified the atmospheric circulation types, distinguished by B. Osuchowska-Klein (1975).
This paper presents the spatial distribution of changes in the value of the predicted insulation index of clothing (Iclp) in the Norwegian Arctic for the period 1971-2000. For this study, data from six meteorological stations were used: Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Airport, Hornsund, Hopen, Bjørnøya and Jan Mayen. The impact on the atmospheric circulation to the course of the Iclp index was analyzed using the catalogue of circulation types by Niedźwiedź (1993, 2002), the circulation index according to Murray and Lewis (1966) modified by Niedźwiedź (2001), the North Atlantic Oscillation Index according to Luter- bacher et al. (1999,2002), and the Arctic Oscillation Index (Thompson and Wallace 1998).
This paper compares the predicted insulation of clothing (Iclp) in Toruń and Koniczynka, presented using a scale of evaluation of thermal environment proposed by B. Krawczyk (2000). The annual mean value of predicted insulation of clothing in urban areas of Toruń was equal to 1.0 clo, which was 0.1 less than in the agricultural area of Koniczynka. The influence of atmospheric circulation on the Iclp index was also analysed. The study used the circulation types as classified by Niedźwiedź (1981) in the Catalogue of atmospheric circulation for the Bydgoszcz-Toruń region (Przybylak and Maszewski 2009, 201 3). The frequency of occurrence of individual circulation types was examined along with their in fluence on the predicted insulation of clothing in different seasons of the year and in an annual course. During the year, the highest mean value of Iclp (1.4 clo in Koniczynka) corresponded to cyclonic situations with northerly advection, whereas the lowest value (0.8 clo in Toruń and Koniczynka) was observed for the anticyclonic wedge.
Based on measurements of waves and currents obtained for a period of 302 days with a bottom-mounted RDCP (Recording Doppler Current Profiler) at two differently exposed locations, a model for significant wave height was calibrated separately for those locations; in addition, the Gulf of Riga-Vainameri 2D model was validated, and the hydrodynamic conditions were studied. Using wind forcing data from the Kihnu meteorological station, a set of current, water exchange and wave hindcasts were obtained for the period 1966–2011. Current patterns in the Gulf and in the straits were wind-dependent with characteristic wind switch directions. The Matsi coast was prone to upwelling in persistent northerly wind conditions. During the hindcast period, currents increased along the Koiguste coast and in the Suur Strait, waves decreased noticeably off Koiguste but fluctuated without a clear linear trend near Matsi. The spatially contrasting results for differently exposed coasts were related to the corresponding variations in local wind conditions and to changes in atmospheric circulation patterns over northern Europe.
Prezentowana praca stanowi rozwinięcie zagadnienia wpływu zachmurzenia na składowe bilansu promieniowania krótkofalowego i długofalowego powierzchni pola uprawnego w ciągu dnia oraz nocy. Na podstawie stopnia pokrycia nieba chmurami, wysokości podstawy chmur oraz ich rodzaju, tj. elementów warunkujących dopływ i utratę energii cieplnej, zaproponowano tzw. energetyczną klasyfikacją zachmurzenia w której zdefiniowano cztery podstawowe typy różnicując warunki dzienne oraz nocne w każdym z nich. Założenia teoretyczne zostały zweryfikowane podczas analizy materiału obserwacyjnego Regionalnego Biura Meteorologicznego w Dęblinie dla 1995 r. Określono roczne przebiegi liczby godzin występowania poszczególnych typów zachmurzenia w aspekcie okresu wegetacyjnego oraz w nawiązaniu do procesów powstawania poszczególnych rodzajów chmur. Poczyniono próbę powiązania występowania energetycznych typów zachmurzenia z typami cyrkulacji w celu wyodrębnienia sytuacji synoptycznych o najbardziej korzystnych warunkach nefologicznych dla bilansu promieniowania pola uprawnego.
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