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The aim of the study was to survey the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Dittrichia graveolens essential oil in in vitro conditions. GC-FID and GC-MS analyses were performed to evaluate the chemical composition of essential oil. The antimicrobial activity against different kinds of microorganisms was determined by microbroth dilution assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging system. Studies of chemical composition of essential oil revealed the presence of borneol (38.2%) and bornyl acetate (14.9%) as major constituents. Essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis isolates and Bacillus cereus. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are less sensitive to the oil. The strong antimicrobial activity of oil against clinical isolates of bacteria was demonstrated. In addition, D. graveolens oil notably reduced the concentration of DPPH free radical with higher efficacy than that of trolox at 70 min.
Common oregano is an important medicinal and aromatic plant, characterized by a high morphological and chemical variability. The aim of the work was to determine the diversity of 14 common oregano populations introduced into ex situ conditions, in respect of morphological and developmental traits as well as content and composition of essential oil in herb. Observations and harvest of raw material were performed in the second year of plant vegetation. Morphological and developmental characters were estimated. Total content of essential oil was determined according to European Pharmacopoeia 8th. The composition of essential oil was carried out by gas chromatography. Populations differed in respect of examined traits, i.a.: plant’s height from 52.13 to 88.66 cm, number of stems per plant from 45.6 to 123.3, number of internodes per stem from 4.6 to 9.2. Fresh mass of herb was at a level of 249.0–896.6 g per plant. Total content of essential oil ranged from 0.35 to 0.87%. Sabinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, p-cymene, β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide were the dominant compounds in essential oil. Number of stems and fresh mass of herb differentiated examined populations at the highest degree. Most of populations were classified as a sabinyl chemotype rich in sesquiterpenes.
The antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant, antihyperlipidaemic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Satureja khuzestanica (Lamiaceae) have been investigated in numerous studies. The antifungal effects of S. khuzestanica essential oil (SKJO) in immunosuppressed rats suffering from oral candidiasis were investigated. A fungal suspension with a density of 3×108 CFU/ml was taken from the isolate of a case with acute vaginitis. In order to achieve a medicinal formulation, accurate twice the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SKJO and 10 times MIC of nystatin was used with 0.8% agar as a base material. In this study, 35 rats divided into 5 groups each of 7 were used. The assessment of level of infection and specification of the effects of treatment were performed using microbiological and histopathological methods as well as clinical examinations. Our results show that carvacrol is the main compound of SKJ essential oil. Lesions completely disappeared in both treatment groups (SKJO and nystatin) after 8 days of treatment. Furthermore, in groups treated with SKJO and nystatin, the quantities of mean logarithm of colony forming unit (CFU) were 85.62% and 90.62%, respectively, in comparison with placebo group. Also, histopathological properties suggested no infection in groups who had clean and normal dorsal tongue mucosa. Using SKJO with twice accuracy it was concluded that MIC in immunosuppressed rats was quite successful in a time of a week and equal with that of a nystatin treatment with an accuracy of 10 times the MIC.
Salinization of soils or waters is one of the world’s most serious environmental problems in agriculture. It is necessary to determine the environmental factors under which medicinal and aromatic plants give higher yields and better quality. The problem of salinity is characterized by an excess of inorganic salts and is common in the arid and semi-arid lands, where it has been naturally formed under the prevailing climatic conditions and due to higher rates of evapotranspiration and lack of leaching water. Although more frequent in arid lands, salt-affected soils are also present in areas where salinity is caused by poor quality of irrigation water. Saline soil induces physiological and metabolic disturbances in plants, affecting development, growth, yield, and quality of plants. Plants affects adversely as a result of salinity, seed germination, survival percentage, morphological characteristics, development and yield and its components. In general, salt stress decreases the photosynthesis and respiration rate of plants. Total carbohydrate, fatty acid and protein content were adversely affected due to salinity effect, but increased the level of amino acids, particularly proline. The content of some secondary plant products is significantly higher in plants grown under salt stress than in those cultivated in normal conditions. The salinity tolerance depends on the interaction between salinity and other environmental factors.
One of the most popular and usable Aromatic plants are kinds of Basilica (Ocimum sp., Lamiaceae). This genius has different characteristics in behavior germination. Biodynamic agriculture is a new science in the research and especially the position of stars and planet relative to each other, position of moon around the earth and seasonal change and Solar and lunar eclipses. We must demonstrate this theory. In this experiment, we want to record the effect of based on two calendars (biodynamic and Astronomic) on three ecotypes of Basilica seed germination. The base of this experiment was a randomized block design with three replications. We used 50 seeds in Falcon tube (value=15ml) and recorded the weight and value of seeds in tube. Then we added 5ml of water in tube and shacked after moisturized and control and recorded the Mucilage value and another behavior of seed germination in lab condition. Results showed that different position of some planets such as moon and Mars and Jupiter had the highest effect, positive and significant effect on mucilage percent (p>95%), germination speed and length of root. Therefore, we could express the lunar position had the highest effect on root length of local type and the lowest effect on purple basil. Mucilage percentage of seed coat in green basil had the highest content relative to another ecotype and this content was significant (p>95%). Thus, the best suggestion for the produce of mucilage from the basil seeds, the best time is the first quadrature of the moon.
Wzrastające nawożenie azotowe miało istotny wpływ na plon ziela bazylii wonnej (Ocimum basilicum L.). Najwyższy plon liści, łodyg oraz ziela uzyskano stosując dawkę 1.8 g N/roślinę (1.2 g przedwegetacyjnie + 0.6 g N/roślinę po I zbiorze). Plony zebrane w II terminie były wyższe od plonów z I terminu.
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of management practices and biofertilization on microbial activity in rhizosphere and yield of medicinal and aromatic plants. Field experiment was performed using four plant species: peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), and dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Treatments were arranged in a split-plot layout in four replicates using basic plots under conventional and organic management, and subplots with and without biofertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum). Organic management positively affected the microbial number and activity. Biofertilization increased the total microbial number (13–21%), number of ammonifiers (13–60%), nitrogen-fixing bacteria (7–36%), actinomycetes (36–50%), fungi (60–100%), cellulolytic microorganisms (57–217%), dehydrogenase (28–52%) and ß-glucosidase activity (15–39%). The effects of management practices and biofertilization were highly significant for the yield of examined plants. The yields were higher on inoculated treatments both in conventional (5–26%) and organic (7–15%) growing system.
The objective of undertaken studies was evaluation in vitro conditions efficiency of eight fungicides from different chemical groups and three preparations of natural origin i.e. Biosept Active, Beta-chikol and Bioczos towards isolate M 365 Boeremia strasseri, obtained from peppermint rhizomes showing symptoms of black rot. Test were performed by poisoning the culture media. The percentage of inhibition of the growth of four- and eight-day-old colonies on the medium with preparations in the control colonies was a measure of activity of the preparations. Moreover, the microscopic observations of morphological structures of fungus were conducted. Within chemical compounds trifloxystrobin, tiophanate methyl and mancozeb pointed to be the most effective. The effectiveness of Beta-chikol and Biosept Active in limiting B. strasseri colony growth was higher than the efficiency of Bioczos.
Strong radical-scavenging activity of Geranium macrorrhizum extracts isolated by using various solvent systems has been reported previously. This study aimed at expanding the knowledge on the bioactivities of antioxidatively active G. macrorrhizum butanol fraction, which was isolated from ethanolic extract (EB), and water fraction, which was isolated from water extract (WW) by measuring their singlet oxygen scavenging properties, as well as preliminary assessment of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity toward mammalian cells. The cytotoxicity (necrosis induction) of the extracts in bovine leukemia virus-transformed lamb kidney fibroblasts (line FLK) was partly prevented by antioxidants and stimulated by the prooxidant BCNU (N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea). This indicates that the cytotoxicity of G. macrorrhizum extracts is at least partly attributed to their prooxidant action, presumably due to the formation of quinoidal products of their (auto)oxidation. The latter was evidenced by the nature of the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation products, which supported DT-diaphorase-catalyzed oxidation of NADPH and participated in conjugation reactions with reduced glutathione. The genotoxic properties were studied using chromosome aberration (CA) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) tests in human lymphocytes in vitro and Drosophila melanogaster somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in vivo. In the CA test, only the highest doses of both fractions significantly increased chromosome aberration frequency. In the SCE test, both fractions induced SCEs in a clear dose-dependent manner. G. macrorrhizum extracts were not genotoxic in the SMART test in vivo. Our data indicate that in spite of the possible beneficial (antioxidant) effects of Geranium extracts, the possibilities of their use as ingredients of functional foods and/or food supplements should be further examined due to their cyto- and genotoxic effects resulting mainly from the action of quercetin-derived components abundant in the extracts.
Cytological changes in quiescent or germinated embryos after matriconditioning with Micro-Cel E or osmoconditioning with polyethylene glycol (PEG) were studied in comparison to quiescent or germinated untreated embryos of marjoram (Majorana hortensis L.). The sequence of changes related to embryo activation was identical in untreated and conditioned samples, although conditioned embryos underwent activation earlier. In those embryos the degradation of protein and lipid bodies, accompanied by vacuolation and accumulation of starch grains in amyloplasts, was observed even in nongerminated samples, whereas in control embryos the same ultrastructural changes did not occur until germination. The changes in ultrastructure occurred first in the root cap and proceeded towards the shoot meristem. In cotyledons, few symptoms of activation were detected regardless of the treatment. The appearance of Golgi structures in the root cap identified the radicle protrusion stage of germination.
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