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The aim of the study was to demonstrate the relationship between macroinvertebrate assemblages and aquatic vegetation interacting with chemical and geomorphological factors. The survey was carried out in the catchment of a lowland river in Poland in the year 2009. Macroinvertebrate samples were collected on 19 river sites during two campaigns (spring and autumn) and 13 macroinvertebrate metrics were calculated. Indices were selected to reflect pressures associated with organic pollutants, morphological and general degradation of rivers. Hydromorphological assessment was undertaken according to the River Habitat Survey (RHS). Water samples for chemical analysis were collected monthly during the whole year, and nine chemical parameters were analysed. Macrophyte surveys made it possible to calculate seven parameters. It was found that macroinvertebrates collected in spring and autumn showed very different patterns and that only the spring samples showed a significant relationship between macroinvertbrates and water quality, which means that spring sampling is most important for biomonitoring. Only three macroinvertebrate metrics, i.e. SIGI (German Saprobic Index), EPT (indicating the relative abundance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) and MBI (index used for river ecological status assessment), responded significantly to water pollution. Macrophytes and macroinvertebrates responded differently to environmental gradients and these organism groups deliver different information for monitoring.
Lake Mainit is one of the largest lakes recognized as one of Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) in the Philippines with rich fishery resources. However, the lake is at risk from heavy metal contamination due to inputs of industrial, agricultural effluents and small-scale mining activities. The present work evaluated levels of heavy metals namely cadmium, lead, and mercury from key aquatic fauna and sediments from seven strategic sections of the lake in 2018. Muscle samples of all seven fish species assessed were below detections limits (BDL) for tHg and Cd. Trace concentrations of Pb in the muscles were detected in Oreochromis niloticus, Glossogobius giuris, Channa striata and Vivipara angularis but values were within safe ranges. Trace concentrations of Pb in the riverine crab (Sundathelpusa sp) exceeded safe limits. Both Cd and tHg were below detection limits in the three invertebrates assessed. Traces of Pb were detected in S4 (Magtiaco) and S5 (Jaliobong) below standard limits (0.05 ppm) only during the southwest (SW) monsoon but Pb were not detected across all stations during the NE monsoon of 2018. For Cd, however, trace concentrations were detected only during the NE monsoon wherein Cd in S2 (Mayag), S3 (Magpayang), S4 (Magtiaco), S5 (Jaliobong), S6 (Dinarawan) and S7 (Kalinawan) exceeded standard limits for Cd in waters (0.01 ppm). Concentrations of tHg in the water were not detected across the two sampling seasons in all seven tributary stations. In sediments, Pb were all detected during the southwest monsoon with highest Pb concentrations in S6 (Dinarawan) and S7 (Kalinawan) which exceeded safe limits. Trace Cd in sediments were mostly below detectable limits. Concentrations of tHg in sediments exceeded safe limits during the SE monsoon in S4 (Magtiaco) and S7 (Kalinawan) areas. These findings recommended that continuous heavy metal monitoring must be conducted. It is also strongly suggested to evaluate the presence of heavy metals in other aquatic organisms and assess the ecological risk posed by these heavy metals though heavy metal speciation analysis.
The toxicity of 5 new cationic surface active substances (CSAS) - imidazolium chlorides against freshwater organisms - was evaluated. Tests were conducted with the green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda, the fish Lebistes reticulatus and the crustacean Daphnia magna. European Classification was used for the evaluation of adverse effects of investigated preparations. Two of them were classified as very toxic, the others were toxic. For genotoxic effect evaluation Bacillus subtilis rec-assay was performed. It was shown that none of the examined surfactants possessed genototoxic properties.
The purpose of the present review is to conduct a detailed description of mercury cycling and accumulation within the freshwater ecosystem and to identify natural chemical and biological processes which affect mercury availability in the aquatic environment.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metals were analysed in surface sediments of the Narew River (north-eastern Poland). Sediment samples originated from sites with a differentiated human influence starting with the unpolluted areas (the Biaµowie.a Forest / Puszcza Biaµowieska, the so-called şgreen lungs of Polandş) to the areas in the neighbourhood of small towns in northeastern Poland. Marked differences in pollution levels of the above areas were observed. The PAH contents range from 21-600 mg/kg, with a dominant share of low molecular PAHs. The sediment pollution level with trace metals was relatively low. None of the metals determined (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) occurred in an amount that could have created a risk to water organisms.
The experiment, with the use of sand deposit from hygroarenal (shore sand beach wetted by lake waves) of the beach of eutrophic Lake Mikołajskie (Masurian Lakeland, Poland), was performed in order to test the hypothesis that shore sand deposit is the bank of resting forms of ciliate, rotifer and crustacean species. The experiment was conducted over a 38 days period in March-April 2004. Frozen sand taken in winter was exposed in aquariums filled with pre-filtered (GF/C) lake water in stable temperature (20ºC), oxygen saturation and 12:12 light/dark conditions. Samples (three replicates) were taken each day. A total number of 44 ciliate, 59 rotifer and 9 crustacean taxa were identified during the studied period. Resting forms of different species and/ or taxonomic groups developed in different time and it may be the result of different strategies in colonization of new habitats. Organisms forming resting cysts such as ciliates (11 species) and bdelloid rotifers appeared after the first day of the incubation whereas organisms hatching from resting eggs (monogonont rotifers and crustacea) were observed from the 2nd-3rd day of the experiment. The numbers of all the studied groups of organisms increased gradually and then strongly decreased indicating probably nutrient and/or organic matter limitation. The highest numbers of ciliates (731 ind. cm⁻² of sand) was found on the 5th day, rotifers (987 ind. 100 cm⁻²) on the 23rd day, cladocerans (60 ind. 100 cm⁻²) on the 21st day and copepods (30 ind. 100 cm⁻²) on the 33rd day of the experiment. The results of this study suggests that shore sand deposits being the temporal refugium for the small-bodied invertebrates transported here with the wave action may also play an important role as the transfer for their further dispersal in addition to postulated ways of expansions such as wind, rain, animals and surface runoff.
Size variation within species as a result of individual growth and development over the life cycle is a ubiquitous feature of many aquatic organisms. We review the implications of this size variation for the dynamics of aquatic systems. Ontogenetic development results in differences in size dependent competitive abilities between differently sized individuals giving rise to cohort cycles that are qualitatively different from traditional predator prey cycles. Size-dependent interactions also mean that the type of interaction – competitive or predatory – changes over the life cycle as a result of an increase in size. At the intraspecific level, cannibalistic interactions may, depending on the life history characteristics of the cannibal, give rise to either equilibrium or cycles driven by a mixture of inter-cohort cannibalism and competition. In multispecies contexts, size variation and particularly food dependent growth lead to the presence of alternative states involving catastrophic collapses. These sizestructured interactions have so far been mainly demonstrated for fish and cladocerans, but do have whole lake food web ramifications.
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