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The host-parasite relationship of the post-infection tissue resident and migratory stages of Uncinaria stenocephala are areas, which have received very little attention to-date. In the present experiments cellular and serum antibody responses were evaluated in mice infected percutaneously with infective larvae of the nematode. Significant eosinophil infiltration was observed in the skin at the site of infection. The number of these cells increased significantly (p<0.01) and dramatically at the site of the first infection (abdomen) within 24 h of exposure to the second dose of larvae which was administered at a different site (back). A clear IgE response of mice to somatic and surface antigens of L3 was observed. There was no further increase in IgE to the somatic antigen preparations following challenge, but a significantly higher concentration of IgE reactivity to surface antigens was detected 14 days after challenge. A short-lived, IgM, IgG and IgA response to the somatic antigens was also detected.
The distribution of parasitic nematodes of dogs from three shelters for homeless animals in the Warsaw region (Celestynów and Milanówek near Warsaw, Paluch in Warsaw) was investigated. It was found that since our previous investigations (1993-1995) the prevalence of nematode infections had increased in Celestynów and Milanówek and decreased in the municipal shelter in Warsaw (Paluch). The highest percentage of infected animals was found in Celestynów (as in 1993-1995). What can be the importance of local environmental conditions for the prevalence of nematode infections.
Apart from roundworms, Ancylostomatidae nematodes are presently the most frequently observed nematodes in dogs in Poland, with two species described so far: Uncinaria stenocephala and Ancylostoma caninum. The study aimed to determine the hookworm species found in dogs in Poland, with special emphasis on the Lublin region. The study material consisted of fecal samples collected from 500 dogs from the area of the Lublin voivodeship. With the use of microscope methods, parasite eggs were found in 56.4% of the samples, dominated by the Ancyclostomidae nematode (26.8%). The isolated hookworm eggs were subject to morphometric measurements, giving a mean length of 77.60 µm and width of 44.25 µm (±SD ±6.01 and ±4.54 respectively) within the range 67-91 × 36-56 µm. The hookworm larvae that hatched from the samples were subject to molecular analysis (72 samples) and all were identified as U. stenocephala. In the area of the Lublin voivodeship U. stenocephala is the dominant hookworm species in dogs.
Two species of hookworms from genus Uncinaria have been found so far in Poland. Uncinaria stenocephala infects mainly dog, wolf and red fox, whereas Uncinaria criniformis is a parasite of mustelids (but it was also reported from red fox). 19 male and 29 female hookworms from red foxes have been compared with 10 male and 12 female worms from dogs. Hookworms from dogs were generally smaller than these from foxes, but no other morphological differences could be found. These hookworms were qualified to species Uncinaria stenocephala on the ground of morphology of male. Genomic DNA samples have been isolated from these hookworms and segments of rDNA including part of small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene; internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1); 5.8 S ribosomal RNA; internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and part of large subunit of ribosomal RNA have been amplified and sequenced. Sequences from Uncinaria obtained both from foxes and dogs have shown very high similarity to the sequence of Uncinaria stenocephala, so all examined hookworms have been classified as belonging to this species.
Reliable determination of hookworm nematode parasite species from dogs can be carried out post-mortem by microscopical examination of the buccal cavity of adult worms isolated from the host small intestine. In order to allow a proper diagnosis of the hookworm infection in a living host, we developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using DNA extracted from hookworm eggs and an oligonucleotide set designed on the basis of the DNA sequence of a cysteine proteinase AcCP1 gene, Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala DNA can be discriminated from each other.
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