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This study was carried out to determine the groundwater quality of Türkmen Mountain, which provides drinking water to about 250,000 people, and to evaluate the water quality by using some multivariate statistical techniques. In this study, groundwater samples were collected from 18 stations on Türkmen Mountain in summer 2011. Some lymnological parameters and element levels in groundwater of the mountain were determined. Factor analysis (FA), cluster analysis (CA), and Pearson Correlation Index were applied to the results in order to estimate the data properly. The ArcGIS package program was used to make distribution maps of arsenic, boron, and total phosphorus (which were detected as the most critical parameters of the mountain) in order to provide visual summaries of element accumulations. Also, water samples were evaluated according to the criteria of SKKY (water pollution control regulation in Turkey) and evaluated as drinking water according to the criteria of TS266 (Turkish Standards Institute), the EC (European Communities), and WHO (World Health Organization). It was determined that arsenic accumulations of some stations exceeded the limit values specified by TS266, WHO, and the EC. Significant positive correlations were determined between arsenic and boron levels (p<0.01), and according to the FA results, the “Boron Works Factor,” which was strongly positive related to the variables of arsenic and boron, was identified as the most effective component for Türkmen Mountain (25.88% of total variance). As a result, in addition to the geological structure of the mountain, mining activities and mineral recovery processes are significant effective factors of groundwater quality of Türkmen Mountain.
The medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) usually branches from the deep femoral artery (DFA). It may also branch from the femoral artery (FA). In this study 100 inguinal regions of 50 cadavers were investigated. In 79 extremities (79%) MCFA branched from DFA, while in 15 (15%) it branched from FA. In four extremities (4%) MCFA was found to be double; in each case one of MCFAs branched from FA and the other from DFA. In one of these four cases the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) was also double. In one case we found a common trunk of DFA and MCFA and in another case a common trunk of MCFA, DFA and LCFA. Clinicians must be familiar with the variations of this clinically important artery to improve their success in the diagnosis and treatment of pathologies in the region.
Today it is quite important to develop new, reliable, cost-efficient, and non-toxic herbal anti-microbial agents in order to minimize environmental and health problems. This study uses the disc diffusion method to examine the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of Cotinus coggygria Scop. prepared in ethanol, methanol, distilled water, chloroform, acetone, and petroleum ether against the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. Cotinus coggygria was found to inhibit the reproduction of microorganisms at various rates. The plant extracts in distilled water and methanol were found to be the most effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Enterococcus faecalis.
In this paper, the rediscovery of endemic and long missing species, Scilla mesopotamica Speta which had been only known from the type gathering, is given. The species has not been collected again after Sintenis in 1888, whose specimens served Speta for description of the new taxon. In 2004, the authors found it in a steppic rocky area, near Halfeti in Şanliurfa province, South East Anatolia, Turkey. After analyzing Sintenis' original collection notes, they concluded that this area is identical with the type locality. S. mesopotamica has an extremely limited distribution and is represented by less than 200 specimens in the single known population that covers less than 50 m2. Taxonomy of the species, detailed description with illustrations, geographical distribution, habitat, ecology and status of IUCN extinction risk and some comments on conservation of the plant are also presented.
Cylindrinotus tchorokhicus sp. nov. and Probations (Pelorinus) banaszkiewiczae sp. nov. are described from northeastern Turkey (Artvin Province). The first species is similar to C. constrictus (Seidlitz, 1896), but differs from it by flattened lateral sides of pronotum, strongly thickened outer margins and base of pronotum, more shining body and structure of aedeagus. The new species of Probations Vauloger, 1900 is close to P. corrugatus (Seidlitz, 1896), but differs from it by the structure and punctation of pronotum and propleura, structure of elytra and genitalia of male, and pubescence on anal sternite.
Rhododendron honey is a monofloral honey and it is collected from the flowers of Rhododendron species widely spreading over many countries, mainly in America, Turkey, Indonesia, Australia. It is belived that Rhododendron honey treats several disorders and is used traditionally as an alternative medicine. The determination of the chemical characteristics of the Rhododendron honey is essential for public health. In this research, the physicochemical characteristics of Rhododendron, chestnut and flower honey samples collected from beekeepers in Turkey were determined and compared. Physico-chemical parameters such as moisture, acidity, sucrose, invert sugar, fructose/glucose, conductivity, diastase and hydroxymethylfurfural were analysed in each honey sample. According to the results obtained, no differences were found in physico-chemical properties of Rhododendron, honey samples, except from moisture and acidity compared with those of chestnut and flower honeys. In order to differentiate Rhododendron honeys, new methods should be developed. This honey should be reintroduced to medicine and used in pharmaceutical industry.
A new species Nalassus bozdagus sp. nov. is described from the Aegean Region of Turkey (Bozdag ridge). The new species differs from all known Nalassus in the following characters: the hair spot on first and second abdominal sternites of male is absent, temple grooves are absent, exosceleton very strongly sclerotized. New records of Nalassus Mulsant, 1854 from Turkey are provided. Two species new for the fauna of Turkey: Nalassus (Helopondrus) gloriosus (Faldermann, 1837) and N. (Helopocerodes) faldermanni (Faldermann, 1837).
The present study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial activity of tigecycline against 84 multidrug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter spp. strains by disc diffusion and E-test methods. The results of disc diffusion test were compared according to two different interpretation ways. In addition, E-test results and the disc diffusion results that interpreted by both the methods were checked for compatibility. According to the disc diffusion test, 3 strains (3.57%) were found resistant to tigecycline when considering breakpoints suggested by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). On the other hand, none of the strains was found resistant to the evaluation criteria recommended by Jones et al. (2007). Considering E-test results of tigecycline, MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ values of tigecycline for Acinetobacter spp. were 0.75 and 1 mg/l, respectively. Based on FDA defined breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae, any resistant isolate was detected. In conclusion, although there are some differences in the results, tigecycline was found quite effective on Acinetobacter spp. isolates with reference to the both disc diffusion and the E-test methods.
Pomegranate is one of the most important ancient fruit in Turkey where planting of pomegranate has increased rapidly in recent years. This study described desirable pomological and chemical traits of seventeen pomegranate genotypes selected from Narlidere district (Bitlis) in between 2010–2011 years. We found considerable variation on fruit weight, aril weight, fruit length and fruit width that important for pomegranate breeding ranged from 99.77 (N-15) to 515.97 g (N-05), 14.16 (N-01) to 41.92 g (N-10), 51.03 (N-15) to 90.99 mm (N-05) and 58.99 (N-03) to 103.11 mm (N-05) among genotypes, respectively. Chemical parameters are also considerable varied among genotypes and Soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), pH and juice yield of genotypes varied between 5.96 (N-02) to 9.13% (N-03), 0.12 (N-12) to 0.91% (N-14), 2.51 (N-14) to 4.52 (N-10) and 48.58 (N-06) to72.07% (N-01), respectively. Many genotypes were found to be promising both fresh consumption and processing. Promising genotypes indicate it’s importance as genetic resources and they have potential for future use in pomegranate breeding activities.
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Geographic distribution of Turkish oaks

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Distribution of Turkish Quercus L. has a crucial value since Turkey is a transition place between Europe and Asia and located at the meeting point of three phytogeographical regions. To compare the diversity of species and to find the distribution patterns of oaks, species richness of the most current distributions were studied. Relationships of phytogeographical regions and presence of the Anatolian Diagonal relevant to oak distributions were also investigated. Analyses were performed on Davis'grid square system. The highest richness of Quercus species were found at north-western Turkey which were located in the meeting place of Asia and Europe. The lowest richness scores were found at eastern and south-eastern Anatolia. Moreover, latitude, longitude and altitude histograms showed a correlation with species richness. However, the presence of Anatolian Diagonal is partially supported.
Taxonomic identification on the basis of wood anatomy showed that 68.82% of wood charcoals from the Early Bronze Age Site at Yenibademli, on Gökçeada Island (Imbros) in the Northern Aegean region of Turkey belong to the genus Quercus, 15.88% to Pinus, 13.51% to Phillyrea, 0.63% to Arbutus, 0.35% to Ulmus, and 0.23% to the Rosaceae family. The results revealed that the dominant tree genus was oak (Quercus sp.), 67.2% of which was deciduous oak, and the remaining 1.62% was evergreen oak. Quercus and Pinus as the most common two genera in the spectrum of taxa may have a link with oak and pine stands on Gökçeada (Imbros) in the Early Bronze Age. Moreover, the evergreen Quercus (sec. Ilex) and the genus Phillyrea, which was third in the spectrum, suggest that maquis and open vegetation were also present in the Early Bronze Age on Gökçeada.
This study aims to identify the ticks living on reptiles of Small Nemrut Mountain as ectoparasites. Field work was carried out between May and November 2016. The mountain which attracts a lot of visitors is an extinct volcano. There are settlements close to the mountain. Furthermore, the area is the upland for the local fauna. 12 reptile species live on the mountain. In the scans on reptiles living in the area, the Hyalomma aegyptium type tick is identified on Testudo graeca (Common Tortoise) and Darevskia valentini (Valentin’s Lizard) species. The infestation rate was found to be 66.66% on tortoises and 28.57% on lizards. In the resources, it was reported that Borellia turcica, Theileria spp, Borellia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which are microorganisms with high pathogenicity in humans and animals, are isolated from H. aegyptium collected from tortoises. In addition, it was reported in various studies that Hyalomma aegyptium is a reservoir host for Hemoliva mauritanica which is a blood parasite that has been identified to intensively cause diseases in tortoises.
There are some taxonomic uncertainties within the Turkish members of Satureja. It is extremely difficult to distinguish some Satureja species because of their great morphological similarity. Satureja species are used as herbal teas and spices, and for this reason they are important commercial and medicinal plants. In this study, the leaf anatomy and hair features of species were examined by LM and SEM. The investigated species can be divided into two main groups, as bifacial and equifacial leaves according to mesophyll structure. They can be secondarily divided into two types based on the midrib region in cross section, as projecting or nonprojecting. Thirdly, two main vascular bundle types can be identified in transverse section according to the presence or absence of sclerenchyma. All species have glandular, peltate and capitate, and nonglandular hairs and diacytic stomata, but the covering hairs differ between species. The leaves of fifteen Satureja L. species were studied in order to assess anatomical variations that may serve as distinguishing characters, and to evaluate their significance for the taxonomy of the genus.
We describe new fossil bovid craniodental remains from the Upper Miocene fossil site of Şerefköy-2, Yatağan Basin, SW Turkey. The new material belongs to six species: Gazella cf. G. capricornis, Palaeoryx pallasi, Sporadotragus parvidens, Skoufotragus cf. Sk. schlosseri, Urmiatherium rugosifrons, and ?Sinotragus sp., which together indicate a latest middle–early Late Turolian (Late Miocene) age. Medium-to-large bovid taxa prevail over small ones, and protoryxoid bovids clearly dominate the assemblage. An analysis of the taxonomic structure, size and diet spectra of several Turolian bovid assemblages from Greece and Turkey reveals Şerefköy-2 to be a member of a mammalian palaeocommunity particular to southwestern Anatolia, which in turn forms part of the sub-Paratethyan biogeographic province.
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and distribution patterns of LSDV infections in the provinces of northern Turkey, and to detect the factors influencing the epidemiology of LSD virus infections (age, breed, season, climate, geography, population dynamic, animal movement), as well as to assess the diagnostic value of the sampled materials in the diagnosis of LSDV infections. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important cattle disease. The disease is endemic in many African countries, but outbreaks have also been reported in Turkey and the Middle East. In this study, a total of 564 samples (skin, blood and lung) from different cattle breeds (Jersey, Holstein-Friesian, Anatolian Black, Simmental and Brown Swiss) (n = 465) in the many herds suspected of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection as clinically and macroscopic pathologic remarks, housed in the 7 different provinces of northern Turkey, were used for gel based conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). LSDV nucleic acid was detected in 259 of 564 (45.92%) materials by PCR. According to the result of PCR, the LSDV infection was diagnosed in 54.62% (254/465) of the sampled animals. The diagnostic value of necropsy and clinical materials such as skin and lung were determined as more valuable diagnostic materials in the diagnosis of LSDV infection by PCR. Data showed that LSDV infection was widespread in the provinces of northern Turkey and that the prevalence of the infection in the region varies in accordance with factors such as geographical conditions (climate, season, location etc.) and the method of breeding.
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