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The paper is a review of 79 species and subspecies of the Zonitidae s.l. (i.e. Gastrodontidae, Zonitidae. s. str. and Daudebardiidae) recorded and/or confirmed from Turkey by the author, based on his own field trips and museum materials. Synonymy relevant to the studied area, references to literature containing descriptions and figures of shell and genitalia, taxonomie revisions, etc.; critical remarks on the taxonomical problems, variation, uncertain identifications and uncertain records; list of new localities, with reference to publications summarizing earlier faunistic data and discussion of the known distribution are provided for each species. Distribution of 50 species is illustrated with UTM grid maps. Besides, 5 species probably new to the science and still undescribed are mentioned and briefly characterized; 14 species whose occurrence in Turkey is probable (they are known from adjacent areas) are listed, as well as 6 species earlier recorded from Turkey based on misidentification or regarded by the author as nomina dubia. The paper is based on a critical analysis of literature data and extensive new material. It was preceded by taxonomie revisions and descriptions of new taxa.
Essential oil of Artemisia annua L. was investigated to find out its toxicity and physiological aspects on the slug Agriolimax agrestis, in controlled conditions (8±1°C, 75±5 RH and 14:10 LD). The slugs received different concentrations of essential oil treated radish leaves in methanol, while the control received methanol alone. LC10, LC30, LC50 and LC90 values were estimated at 4.67, 5.3, 5.81, 7.25%, respectively. The effect of the essential oil on some important enzymatic components like; cytochrome P450 monnooxygenase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lipase, amylase and protease were significantly increased compared to the control. These results indicate that the plant Artemisia annua L. not only shows toxicity but also shows some irreversible effect on some important biochemical components and deserves further investigation.
The paper is a critical review of the zonitid snails sensu lato, recorded from caves and other subterranean habitats of the Western Palaearctic. The group discussed is, quantitatively, the most important component of the land subterranean malacofauna. However, it is often difficult to include particular species in any ecological category proposed within the existing classifications of subterranean fauna. In the review, distribution, type of subterranean occurrence and basic literature are given for each species (or genus). The paper is to a considerable extent based on author's own studies and field observations.
The following slug species, Arion lusitanicus, Arion rufus, and Deroceras reticulatum were included in laboratory-based multi-choice food tests consisting of 19 herb plants and oilseed rape. Rates of damage to plants at the growth stage of 2-4 leaves were estimated for each slug species and all tested herb plants using oilseed rape as a reference. The following indices were calculated: acceptability index (A. I.), palatability index (P. I.) and consumption index (C. I.). Based on the obtained results four groups of plants were designated: unacceptable, lowly acceptable, moderately acceptable and highly acceptable. Brassica napus, Ocimum basilicum and Coriandrum sativum were accepted by all three examined slugs while Potentilla anserina and Chamaenerion angustifolium were rejected. The acceptance degree for remaining plants varied according to slug species.
Arion lusitanicus Mab. has occurred in the region of south-eastern Poland for several years and is a dangerous pest of many cultivated plant species. It attacks primarily vegetable crops and rapidly spreads on the studied area. It most willingly eats plant seedlings markedly showing its food preference.
The distribution of Arion lusitanicus Mabille and the damage caused by the slug were studied In 1993–2009. A total of 38 sites were examined, characterised in terms of location, time of appearance and density of the slug, type and size of crops affected, and degree of damage to plants. At the start of the 1990s A. lusitanicus occurred only around Rzeszów and in the Sub-Carpathian region. In 1997 it started to appear in other regions of Poland. The rate of its spread was found to have increased significantly, particularly in the past few years. The slug mainly colonises urban areas (30 sites), and much less often – other areas (8 sites). The slug densities were the greatest in cultivations. The degree of damage done by the slug varied among plant species. Brassicas, lettuce, beetroot, carrots, beans, strawberries, numerous ornamental flower plants and some weeds were the most damaged. The increase in the spread of A. lusitanicus poses a serious threat to the biodiversity of native habitats and to garden-cultivated plants.
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