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The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of SO2 on photosynthetic apparatus and the level of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in developing and mature leaves of poplar (Populus deltoides). Photosynthetic apparatus was evaluated on the basis of fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, OPSII, qP and Rfd) and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids). Cuttings of poplar were exposed to 0.25 ppm of SO2 at 25°C and 200-300 mmol m-2s-1 PAR for 6 hours daily during 5 days in a fumigation chamber. The fumigation did not produce any significant differences in fluorescence parameters in neither developing nor mature leaves. In some mature leaves the concentration of pigments increased under the influence of SO2. Soluble carbohydrates decreased significantly both in developing and mature leaves and this was accompanied with an increase in starch accumulation. We suggest that Populus deltoides is a species tolerant to sulphur dioxide and the used SO2 dosage did not significantly impair the light reactions of photosynthesis, but it disturbed the accumulation of starch and the utilization of soluble carbohydrates in plants exposed to SO2.
Riparian forests provide important roosting habitat, abundant prey and access to drinking water for many bat species but to date there has been little research on the differential quality of habitats within riparian areas. We quantified the density of potential roost cavities in three age classes (i.e., young: ca. 20 years, mature: ca. 60 years, and old: ca. 100 years) of riparian cottonwood (Populus deltoides) forest stands. Bat activity was also sampled using acoustic detectors in one representative stand of each age class. Stands were situated along an 80 km stretch of the Missouri River in southeastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa, USA. We predicted the highest density of potential roosts and the highest activity of bats to occur in the oldest age class. Contrary to our predictions, and previous work in aspen dominated upland sites, we found that the density of potential roosts was not significantly different between mature and old stands. However, there were no potential roosts in young stands. Data from guano traps verified the use of a number of cavities in both mature and old stands. Both commuting and foraging activities were highest in the mature, relative to the old and young stand. In total, our data indicate that mature and old stands represent high quality roosting habitat, with the mature being used preferentially for commuting and foraging. Trees in the oldest stands, however, are nearing the end of their lifespan and falling. Younger cohorts must therefore be retained for future recruitment of natural cavities.
In this contribution, there are presented the results of determination of energetic characteristics of green chips of wood species Populus Deltoides clone Cifra such as: share of bark in chips, elementary chemical composition of chip combustible, volume of ashes in dry mass of bio-fuel and lower heating value of bio-fuel in dry state. Green chips made of branches of wood species grown on plantations: Populus Deltoides clone Cifra consists of juvenile wood and juvenile bark. The share of juvenile bark in analysed green chips XB = 43,41 ± 3,76 %. The chemical composition of the combustible of green chips consists of: Cdaf = 49,69 %, Hdaf = 5,82 %, Odaf = 43,96 % and Ndaf = 0,53 %. The combustible of green chips does not differ from the chemical composition of combustible of fuel wood except for nitrogen, whose value is 3 times higher, than the amount of nitrogen in fuel wood. The share of ashes from green chips produced from branches of trees of fast growing wood species: Populus Deltoides clone Cifra, determined by form of weighted mean of the content of ash in juvenile wood, juvenile bark and the share of bark in chips is Ad = 2,49 %, which is 3,5 to 5,0 times higher value, than the value of share of ash from broad-leaved wood species. The lower heating value of subjected chips in dry state is Qn = 17 507 kJ.kg-1. This value is, in comparison with the lower heating value of wood of broad-leaved wood species shown in EN 14 961 Solid bio-fuels – Specification and classes of fuels, lower by 4,5 % .
Concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), soluble carbohydrates, starch, sucrose, glucose, fructose, raffinose, galactose, stachyose, mannitol and specific activities of soluble acid (AI) and neutral (NI) invertases, sucrose synthase (SuSy), hexokinase (HK), fructokinase (FK), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were analyzed in fine roots of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh growing at a polluted site (near copper smelters) and a control site (free from heavy pollution). Also chemical properties of the soil from both sites were assessed. In comparison with the control, fine roots from the polluted site contained greater concentrations of TNC, soluble sugars, starch and sucrose but less hexoses, so they had higher values of sucrolysis index (sucrose/hexoses). The activity of AI, NI and SuSy declined insignificantly, while specific activities of HK, FK, GAPDH and G6PDH were significantly inhibited. The results suggest that a long-term heavy metal stress leads to an accumulation of carbohydrates and altering activities of glycolysis and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in fine roots.
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