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European red deer are known to show a conspicuous phylogeographic pattern with three distinct mtDNA lineages (western, eastern and North-African/Sardinian). The western lineage, believed to be indicative of a southwestern glacial refuge in Iberia and southern France, nowadays covers large areas of the continent including the British Isles, Scandinavia and parts of central Europe, while the eastern lineage is primarily found in southeast-central Europe, the Carpathians and the Balkans. However, large parts of central Europe and the whole northeast of the continent were not covered by previous analyses. To close this gap, we produced mtDNA control region sequences from more than 500 red deer from Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and western Russia and combined our data with sequences available from earlier studies to an overall sample size of almost 1,100. Our results show that the western lineage extends far into the European east and is prominent in all eastern countries except for the Polish Carpathians, Ukraine and Russia where only eastern haplotypes occurred. While the latter may actually reflect the natural northward expansion of the eastern lineage after the last ice age, the present distribution of the western lineage in eastern Europe may in large parts be artificial and a result of translocations and reintroduction of red deer into areas where the species became extinct in historical times.
The study shows genetic diversity of 38 Vitis vinifera L. cultivars and hybrids originating in North America and Europe, including cultivars selected in Poland, which have not been characterized with the use of DNA markers yet. The agrobiological features of the genotypes selected for testing indicate that they may be useful for the breeding of new cultivars and grape production. The use of 12 ISSR primers allowed to obtain 94.4% of polymorphism. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value was high and varied between 0.829 and 0.953 with an average of 0.897. The resolving power (Rp) ranged between 3.678 and 8.892 with an average of 6.347. Primers UBC 809, UBC 810, UBC 812, UBC 855, UBC 891 and UBC 810 were found to be highly effective (informative). Similarity coefficient ranged between 0.167 and 1.0, which indicates high degree of diversity of tested grape cultivars. Tested cultivars were grouped in 3 main clusters; one of them was further divided into 6 subclusters. ‘Pannonia Kincse’ and ‘Danmarpa Polonia’ were not differentiated. Phenotypic differences among those two cultivars suggest that ‘Danmarpa Polonia’ might be a clone of ‘Pannonia Kincse’ and other molecular techniques must be used to differentiate them. Morphological and agrobiological characters of cultivars support the results obtained by ISSR markers.
Ramaria rubella (Schaeff.) R.H. Petersen is a very rare species in Europe. Until now it was known only from a few countries. A new site in Poland is the first record from Central and Eastern Europe. Ramaria rubella (sub-gen. Lentoramaria) belongs to xylobiontic species connected with coniferous woods. The paper includes detailed description of carpophores and microscopic features, distribution and synonyms.
Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) has become an invasive weed in Central and Eastern Europe, where human-induced fires have also taken part in forming the landscape. There is growing evidence that plant-derived smoke enhances seed germination, especially for species from fire-prone ecosystems, via the mechanisms of dormancy-breaking, germination stimulation or both. Hence, we hypothesized that smoke promotes seed germination for common milkweed by either or both mechanisms. To test this, germination responses of A. syriaca to the application of aqueous smoke solution (smoke-water) were studied in laboratory. Seeds were either cold stratified ( 7°C, 16 days) in tap water (TW), smoke-water (SW) or were not stratified at all, and then were germinated with SW or with TW (encompassing 5 treatments: 0—TW, 0—SW, TW—TW, TW—SW and SW—TW, where the first abbreviation indicates stratification, the second germination condition). In line with our hypothesis, the low (5%) germination of seeds was enhanced by cold stratification with SW at a greater extent (increasing to 52%) than by cold stratification with TW (25%), indicating that SW contributed to dormancy-breaking of seeds for A. syriaca. In contrast, SW did not stimulate germination when it was applied during the germination phase. To our best knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating smokeenhanced germination for common milkweed, which mechanism may help this species to successfully colonize new habitats after fire. As fire frequency is expected to increase in Europe with recent climate change, these results might contribute to a more efficient control of A. syriaca in areas threatened by its invasion.
In a small-scale farm environment significant savings can be achieved by the common utilisation of the machines and by the employing professional machine works both in the investments and the machine operation. Those beneficial machine service and collaboration forms are used worldwide, especially in the agriculture of the developed countries. In past years status quo analyses and the evaluation of experience showed that there is farmers cooperation in the East European countries including Hungary for the rational utilisation of resources and to improve the efficiency of assets and to minimize costs. However the organizations, structures, schemes, models and frames of standard forms has not been formed as yet, so that the utilisation of the advantageous solutions is on quite a low level. The successful formulation of machine utilisation and business supporting forms decisively depend on the conditions and the appropriate knowledge about the properties of the different forms. It is highly important that all the factors and characteristics should be discovered for the benefits and disadvantages of forms from the organisational, operational, economical, and all the other points of view in order to determine and declare the criteria of introduction for each economy circles of farmers.
The Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is one of the European regions seriously vulnerable to drought events and there is an urgent need in the region to develop better drought management systems. In February 2013 the Global Water Partnership for Central and Eastern Europe region launched the Integrated Drought Management Programme (IDMP CEE) involving more than 40 organizations from 10 CEE countries. The Programme is structured to provide both policy advice and practical solutions in drought management. The specifi c objectives of the IDMP CEE are to develop understanding, knowledge and planning for integrated drought management, map and assess the impact of droughts. Moreover, several case studies (demonstration projects) in pilot basins involving local communities are initiated. The national governments are supported to incorporate drought management in their national programs, develop monitoring framework and raise drought awareness through effi cient dissemination mechanisms. All countries of the CEE region need to improve both their short-term and long-term responses across sectors to meteorological, agricultural and hydrological droughts. In spite of the fact that several basins in the region are of transboundary character, regional integration of drought monitoring and early warning is not at the level desired. Whilst the lack of water is the primary cause of drought, there are still a large number of factors which exacerbate and intensify its effects. If these factors – many of which have little to do with water per se – are adequately managed, the consequences of the lack of water can be greatly reduced. For example, there are several specifi c problems and challenges related to the current process of economic transition in the region, including macroeconomic and financial problems.
Despite long-term research, the aquatic genus Nymphaea still possesses major taxonomie challenges. High phenotypic plasticity and possible interspecific hybridization often make it impossible to identify individual specimens. The main aim of this study was to assess phenotypic variation in Nymphaea taxa sampled over a wide area of Eastern Europe and temperate Asia. Samples were identified based on species-specific genome sizes and diagnostic morphological characters for each taxon were then selected. A total of 353 specimens from 32 populations in Poland, Russia and Ukraine were studied, with nine biometric traits being examined. Although some specimens morphologically matched N. xborealis (a hybrid between N. alba and N. Candida) according to published determination keys, only one hybrid individual was revealed based on genome size data. Other specimens with intermediate morphology possessed genome size corresponding to N. alba, N. Candida or N. tetragona. This indicates that natural hybridization between N. alba and N. Candida is not as frequent as previously suggested. Our results also revealed a considerably higher variation in the studied morphological traits (especially the quantitative ones) in N. alba and N. Candida than reported in the literature. A determination key for the investigated Nymphaea species is provided, based on taxonomically-informative morphological characters identified in our study.
One of the main problems of agriculture in the CEEC, namely the level of employment in agricultural sector at the moment of their accession to the EU was presented in the report. The paper characterizes also the changes that have already happened and will have to happen in future. The level of employment in agriculture, share of agriculture in employment and the number of employed on 100 ha of UAA in CEEC and EU-15 were compared.
Shrikes represent an important group of farmland bird species which inhabit open habitats where they prey on invertebrates and small vertebrates. Like the other farmland birds, shrikes are in the decline across their breeding range. During the 2014 breeding season, we conducted point observations in 470 locations in the Republic of Moldova, recording all the shrike individuals that were seen during 5 minutes. The highest density has been recorded for the red-backed shrike Lanius collurio, (0.489–0.652 breeding pairs ha-1) while for lesser grey shrike Lanius minor the density is ten times lower (0.042–0.076 breeding pairs ha-1). These two shrike species select pasture areas for breeding and avoid artificial surfaces, forests and wetlands. Regarding the geomorphological variables, red-backed shrikes and lesser grey shrikes prefer areas of a low, flat ground and aspects with low exposure to the sun radiation. According to the General Linear Model analyses, the red-backed shrike distribution is significantly influenced by percentage of arable land and orchards, while for lesser grey shrike we did not find any significant influence of environmental variables studied.
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